{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:26:49Z","timestamp":1793824009450,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>India accounts for approximately half of the global <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> cases, but information as to the presence of chloroquine (CQ) resistance is scarce. In an observational study in Mangaluru, south-western India, of 116 vivax malaria patients analyzed, 89.5% (102\/114) had cleared parasitemia on days two or three of CQ treatment. Two remaining patients presented on days four and five without parasitemia. One hundred eight isolates of these 116 patients were successfully sequenced for <jats:italic>pvmdr1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms. Eight non-synonymous polymorphisms but no wild-type isolate were detected. Ten <jats:italic>pvmdr1<\/jats:italic> haplotypes were observed with mutations T958M and F1076L occurring in all isolates, whereas the candidate CQ resistance marker Y976F was present in one isolate only. <jats:italic>Pvmdr1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms were not associated with early parasite clearance. The high proportion of early parasite clearance and the virtual absence of <jats:italic>pvmdr1<\/jats:italic> Y976F and of sextuple <jats:italic>pvmdr1<\/jats:italic> mutants suggest that CQ in the study area is still sufficiently effective. However, the abundance of <jats:italic>pvmdr1<\/jats:italic> mutations in the local parasite population warrants monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T07:00:33Z","timestamp":1560841233000},"page":"416-417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characterization of Plasmodium vivax pvmdr1 Polymorphisms in Isolates from Mangaluru, India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Costanza","family":"Tacoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhanjan P.","family":"Gai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Siegert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Wedam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suyamindra S.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Institute for DNA Research, Dharwad, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Rasalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Institute for DNA Research, Dharwad, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archith","family":"Boloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Animesh","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chakrapani","family":"Mahabala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantaram","family":"Baliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damodara","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod","family":"Gai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Institute for DNA Research, Dharwad, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeshwari","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenlock Hospital, Mangaluru, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank P.","family":"Mockenhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"WHO Malaria Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"108","article-title":"Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in India","volume":"95","author":"Anvikar","year":"2016"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"982","article-title":"Global extent of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Price","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1558","article-title":"Amplification of pvmdr1 associated with multidrug-resistant Plasmodium vivax","volume":"198","author":"Suwanarusk","year":"2008"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"117","article-title":"Clinical and molecular surveillance of drug resistant vivax malaria in Myanmar (2009\u20132016)","volume":"16","author":"Nyunt","year":"2017"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1514","article-title":"Novel point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase gene of Plasmodium vivax: evidence for sequential selection by drug pressure","volume":"47","author":"Imwong","year":"2003"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e1089","article-title":"Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax: in vitro characterization and association with molecular polymorphisms","volume":"2","author":"Suwanarusk","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"4233","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine in Madagascar: clinical efficacy and polymorphisms in pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o genes","volume":"52","author":"Barnadas","year":"2008"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"40","article-title":"Drug resistance genes: pvcrt-o and pvmdr-1 polymorphism in patients from malaria endemic south western coastal region of India","volume":"17","author":"Joy","year":"2018"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Malar 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