{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T16:26:23Z","timestamp":1762014383543,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) also known as sleeping sickness is targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020 and elimination of infection by 2030. Although the number of reported cases is decreasing globally, integration of HAT control activities into primary healthcare services is endorsed to expand surveillance and control. However, this integration process faces several challenges in the field. This literature review analyzes what is known about integrated HAT control to guide the integration process in an era of HAT elimination. We carried out a scoping review by searching PubMed and Google Scholar data bases as well as gray literature documents resulting in 25 documents included for analysis. The main reasons in favor to integrate HAT control were related to coverage, cost, quality of service, or sustainability. There were three categories of factors influencing the integration process: 1) the clinical evolution of HAT, 2) the organization of health services, and 3) the diagnostic and therapeutic tools. There is a consensus that both active and passive approaches to HAT case detection and surveillance need to be combined, in a context-sensitive way. However, apart from some documentation about the constraints faced by local health services, there is little evidence on how this synergy is best achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T12:35:23Z","timestamp":1567600523000},"page":"1114-1125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Integration of Human African Trypanosomiasis Control Activities into Primary Healthcare Services: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faustin","family":"Chenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"},{"name":"Centre de Connaissances en Sant\u00e9 en R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdon","family":"Mukalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Lutumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crispin","family":"Lumbala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Program for the Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Luboya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Coppieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"148","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"375","author":"Brun","year":"2010"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"(984)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"257","article-title":"Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"6","author":"Franco","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"98","article-title":"Integration of diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness in primary healthcare facilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"20","author":"Mitashi","year":"2015"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Human African Trypanosomiasis. The History of Sleeping Sickness","author":"World Health Organization","key":"b5"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Ann. Soc. belge Med Trop 51","first-page":"465","article-title":"Historique de la lutte contre la maladie du sommeil au Congo","volume":"4-5","author":"Burke","year":"1971"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"335","article-title":"Sleeping sickness resurgence in the DRC: the past decade","volume":"6","author":"Van Nieuwenhove","year":"2001"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop","first-page":"221","article-title":"The flexibility of an integrated health service in the campaign against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis","volume":"69","author":"Debrouwere","year":"1989"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot","first-page":"331","article-title":"Sleeping sickness: one hundred years of evolution of control strategies[article in French]","volume":"95","author":"Louis","year":"2002"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Plos Med","first-page":"e55","article-title":"Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: where do we stand and what comes next?","volume":"5","author":"Simarro","year":"2008"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0186429","article-title":"Enhanced passive screening and diagnosis for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in north-western Uganda moving towards elimination","volume":"12","author":"Wamboga","year":"2017"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Int J Health Geogr","first-page":"4","article-title":"Mapping the capacities of fixed health facilities to cover people at risk of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"Simarro","year":"2014"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Int J Health Geogr","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: disease distribution and risk","volume":"14","author":"Lumbala","year":"2015"},{"year":"2018","series-title":"Global Health Observatory Data Repository","author":"World Health Organization","key":"b14"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Plos Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005585","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: update to 2014","volume":"11","author":"Franco","year":"2017"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"The London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases. Uniting to Combat","author":"Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases","key":"b16"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"S177","article-title":"Neglected tropical disease (NTD) control in health systems: the interface between programmes and general health services","volume":"1","author":"Marchal","year":"2011"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Drugs","first-page":"215","article-title":"Fexinidazole: first global approval","volume":"79","author":"Deeks","year":"2019"},{"year":"2019","series-title":"Le Fexinidazole, Premier Traitement Enti\u00e8rement par Voie Orale Contre la Maladie du Sommeil, Approuv\u00e9 en R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo","author":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative","key":"b19"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"144","article-title":"Oral fexinidazole for late-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a pivotal multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial","volume":"391","author":"Mesu","year":"2018"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e359","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of HAT Sero-K-SeT, a rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a case-control study","volume":"2","author":"Buscher","year":"2014"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic test for sleeping sickness","volume":"368","author":"Buscher","year":"2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0180555","article-title":"Performance of the SD BIOLINE\u00ae HAT rapid test in various diagnostic algorithms for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"12","author":"Lumbala","year":"2017"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"384","article-title":"The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"27","author":"Woo","year":"1970"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"298","article-title":"Evaluation of the haematocrit centrifuge and other techniques for the field diagnosis of human trypanosomiasis and filariasis","volume":"28","author":"Woo","year":"1971"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"796","article-title":"Sleeping sickness diagnosis: use of buffy coats improves the sensitivity of the mini anion exchange centrifugation test","volume":"15","author":"Camara","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"84","article-title":"Integrating innovations: a qualitative analysis of referral non-completion among rapid diagnostic test-positive patients in Uganda\u2019s human African trypanosomiasis elimination programme","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2018"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Confl Health","first-page":"22","article-title":"Including refugees in disease elimination: challenges observed from a sleeping sickness programme in Uganda","volume":"11","author":"Palmer","year":"2017"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"EBioMedicine","first-page":"11","article-title":"A phase III diagnostic accuracy study of a rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of second-stage human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"27","author":"Boelaert","year":"2018"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Plos Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004608","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a prototype rapid diagnostic test for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection: a multi-centric prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Bisser","year":"2016"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"186","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)","volume":"12","author":"Kennedy","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"b32","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004437","article-title":"Tsetse control and the elimination of Gambian sleeping sickness","volume":"10","author":"Lehane","year":"2016"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Int\u00e9gration et Recherche","first-page":"95","article-title":"Conditions, limites et potentiel de l\u2019int\u00e9gration","author":"Criel","year":"1997"},{"year":"2014","series-title":"Organisation des Services de Sant\u00e9 Syllabus","author":"Criel","key":"b34"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Implementation Sci","first-page":"69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac","year":"2010"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Alma Ata 1978: les soins de sant\u00e9 Primaires","first-page":"1","author":"Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9","year":"1978"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Rapport Annuel. Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine","first-page":"1","author":"PNLTHA","year":"2012"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Rapport de Formulation: Appui \u00e0 la lutte contre la trypanosomiase humaine Africaine, phase 4","first-page":"1","author":"Coop\u00e9ration Technique Belge","year":"2008"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"153","article-title":"Current situation of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"54","author":"Kuzoe","year":"1993"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"301","article-title":"Integration of African human trypanosomiasis control in a network of multipurpose health centers","volume":"67","author":"Pepin","year":"1989"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Plos Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1950","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a looming emergency?","volume":"6","author":"Hasker","year":"2012"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop","first-page":"323","article-title":"Potential of polyvalent health services for detection of sleeping sickness","volume":"57","author":"Mercenier","year":"1977"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"542","article-title":"The effectiveness of active population screening and treatment for sleeping sickness control in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"9","author":"Robays","year":"2004"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"869","article-title":"Health care-seeking behaviour and diagnostic delays for human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"16","author":"Hasker","year":"2011"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"748","article-title":"The journey towards elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: not far, nor easy","volume":"141","author":"Franco","year":"2014"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Plos Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005454","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis control: achievements and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Aksoy","year":"2017"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"718","article-title":"Elimination of sleeping sickness hindered by difficult diagnosis","volume":"91","author":"Lejon","year":"2013"},{"year":"1995","series-title":"Development of a Methodology for a Feasible and Efficient Approach to Health Problems by Basic Health Services in Rural Africa. 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Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine","first-page":"1","author":"PNLTHA","year":"2015"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique, Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plan strat\u00e9gique 2011\u20132015","author":"PNLTHA","year":"2011"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"A1","article-title":"A framework for analysing the relationship between disease control programmes and basic health care","volume":"9","author":"Criel","year":"2004"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Rapport Annuel. Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine","first-page":"1","author":"PNLTHA","year":"2015"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"881","author":"World Health Oragnization","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/5\/article-p1114.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/5\/article-p1114.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/5\/article-p1114.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T21:38:34Z","timestamp":1722461914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/5\/article-p1114.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0232","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]}}}