{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:26:52Z","timestamp":1778657212291,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Melioidosis is a bacterial infection caused by exposure to water or soil that contains <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic>). <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> is endemic to many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In 2013, the first case of melioidosis was recognized in Yap, the Federated States of Micronesia. Six additional cases were identified in the subsequent 3 years. An investigation was initiated to understand the epidemiology of melioidosis in Yap. Serum from family and community members of the identified cases were tested for antibodies to <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic>. Archived serum from a 2007 Zika serosurvey were also tested for antibodies to <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic>. Sequencing of bacterial isolates was performed to understand bacterial phylogeny. Soil and water were tested for the presence of <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> in the environment by culture and PCR. None of the affected patients had a history of travel to melioidosis-endemic countries. Two of the 34 (5.8%) samples from the field investigation and 67 (11.7%) of the historical samples demonstrated serologic evidence of prior <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> exposure. No <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> were detected from 30 soil or water samples. Genotype analysis showed highly related <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> isolates that were unique to Yap. Melioidosis is likely to be endemic to Yap; however, it has only recently been recognized by the clinical community in country. Further investigation is needed to understand the local sites that harbor <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> and represent the highest risk to the community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T07:00:49Z","timestamp":1562050849000},"page":"323-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Differentiating New from Newly Detected: Melioidosis in Yap, Federated States of Micronesia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Leisha D.","family":"Nolen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lirow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yap Memorial Hospital, FSM Department of Health and Social Affairs, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay E.","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mindy G.","family":"Elrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cari B.","family":"Kolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindy","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Bower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marissa K.","family":"Person","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Marfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yap Memorial Hospital, FSM Department of Health and Social Affairs, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Blaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Melioidosis","volume":"367","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"383","article-title":"Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2005"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e900","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of melioidosis: 540 cases from the 20 year Darwin prospective study","volume":"4","author":"Currie","year":"2010"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Bacteriol","first-page":"807","article-title":"Biological relevance of colony morphology and phenotypic switching by Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"189","author":"Chantratita","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Nat Microbiol","first-page":"15008","article-title":"Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis","volume":"1","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2016"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"243","article-title":"Contact investigation of melioidosis cases reveals regional endemicity in Puerto Rico","volume":"60","author":"Doker","year":"2015"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007","volume":"14","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2008"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Appl Microbiol","first-page":"825","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of human melioidosis with indirect hemagglutination and complement fixation tests","volume":"20","author":"Alexander","year":"1970"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2105","article-title":"Systematic review and consensus guidelines for environmental sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"5284","article-title":"Dead-end hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for recovery of diverse microbes from water","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"2009"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Microbiol Methods","first-page":"429","article-title":"Recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration","volume":"91","author":"Mull","year":"2012"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2068","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei","volume":"41","author":"Godoy","year":"2003"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Appl Microbiol","first-page":"589","article-title":"Isolation and identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil using selective culture techniques and the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"82","author":"Brook","year":"1997"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical guideline for diagnosis and management of melioidosis","volume":"48","author":"Inglis","year":"2006"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Soil survey of Islands of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia","author":"United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/2\/article-p323.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/2\/article-p323.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/2\/article-p323.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T21:24:35Z","timestamp":1722461075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/2\/article-p323.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0253","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]}}}