{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:02:48Z","timestamp":1776124968496,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Poliovirus (PV) environmental surveillance was established in Haiti in three sites each in Port-au-Prince and Gona\u00efves, where sewage and fecal-influenced environmental open water channel samples were collected monthly from March 2016 to February 2017. The primary objective was to monitor for the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) and the importation and transmission of wild polioviruses (WPVs). A secondary objective was to compare two environmental sample processing methods, the gold standard two-phase separation method and a filter method (bag-mediated filtration system [BMFS]). In addition, non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were characterized by next-generation sequencing using Illumina MiSeq to provide insight on surrogates for PVs. No WPVs or VDPVs were detected at any site with either concentration method. Sabin (vaccine) strain PV type 2 and Sabin strain PV type 1 were found in Port-au-Prince, in March and April samples, respectively. Non-polio enteroviruses were isolated in 75\u2013100% and 0\u201358% of samples, by either processing method during the reporting period in Port-au-Prince and Gona\u00efves, respectively. Further analysis of 24 paired Port-au-Prince samples confirmed the detection of a human NPEV and echovirus types E-3, E-6, E-7, E-11, E-19, E-20, and E-29. The comparison of the BMFS filtration method to the two-phase separation method found no significant difference in sensitivity between the two methods (mid-<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value = 0.55). The experience of one calendar year of sampling has informed the appropriateness of the initially chosen sampling sites, importance of an adequate PV surrogate, and robustness of two processing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T07:01:16Z","timestamp":1572850876000},"page":"1240-1248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Haiti Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Angela D.","family":"Coulliette-Salmond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Alleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio Eradication Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Wilnique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Rey-Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanen Belgasmi","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHRC, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica Wielgus","family":"Hecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHRC, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHRC, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Pe\u00f1aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Lafontant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salomon","family":"Corvil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannot","family":"Francois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Rossignol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magalie","family":"Stanislas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmond","family":"Gue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization Region of the Americas, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Papa C.","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization Region of the Americas, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina J.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHRC, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry Fei Fan","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cara C.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Everardo","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Viral Infections of Humans","article-title":"Enteroviruses","author":"Kew","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis by the Year 2000","author":"WHO","year":"1988"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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