{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]],"date-time":"2024-08-04T09:49:14Z","timestamp":1722764954790},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It remains uncertain why most infectious disease mortalities disappeared before modern medical interventions. Historical epidemiology using prospectively collected U.S. Army data from the Civil War (1860\u20131861), Spanish\u2013American War (1898\u20131899), and First World War (1917\u20131918) suggests that epidemiological isolation was a major mortality risk factor for soldiers. Morbidity and mortality due to common infections decreased progressively from 1860 to 1918, except for influenza during the 1918 pandemic. Adult measles or mumps infections are indicative of isolated rural populations and correlated with disease mortality by U.S. state. Experiencing infections before adulthood may equip the immune system to better resist infections and decrease mortality rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T07:00:34Z","timestamp":1568358034000},"page":"980-983","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epidemiological Isolation as an Infection Mortality Risk Factor in U.S. Soldiers from Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Centuries"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"George Dennis","family":"Shanks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Diseases Institute, Enoggera, Australia;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"1988","author":"McKeown","series-title":"The Origins of Human Disease","key":"b1"},{"year":"1989","author":"Curtin","series-title":"Death by Migration: Europe\u2019s Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century","key":"b2"},{"year":"1998","author":"McNeill","series-title":"Plagues and Peoples","key":"b3"},{"year":"1920","author":"Ireland","series-title":"Report of the Surgeon General","key":"b4"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"852","article-title":"A forgotten epidemic that changed medicine: measles in the US Army, 1917\u201318","volume":"15","author":"Morens","year":"2015"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War","article-title":"XII Measles","author":"Michie","year":"1928"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Lab Clin Med","first-page":"647","article-title":"Communicable disease in the United States Army during the summer and autumn of 1918","volume":"4","author":"Vaughn","year":"1919"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"303","article-title":"Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: implications for pandemic preparedness","volume":"6","author":"Brundage","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid mortality transition of Pacific Islands in the 19th century","volume":"145","author":"Penman","year":"2017"},{"year":"1863","author":"Woodward","series-title":"Outlines of the Chief Camp Diseases of the United States Armies","key":"b10"},{"year":"1993","author":"Cliff","series-title":"Measles: An Historical Geography of a Major Human Viral Disease: From Global Expansion to Local Retreat, 1840\u20131990","key":"b11"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War","article-title":"II Inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract (bronchitis; influenza; bronchopneumonia; lobar pneumonia)","author":"Siler","year":"1928"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/5\/article-p980.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/5\/article-p980.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/5\/article-p980.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T15:27:59Z","timestamp":1722439679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/5\/article-p980.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0501","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]}}}