{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T08:37:36Z","timestamp":1772699856750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We conducted a cluster randomized trial comparing the target population and timing of mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel for control of schistosomiasis in villages in western Kenya with high initial prevalence (&gt; 25%) according to a harmonized protocol developed by the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation. A total of 150 villages were randomized into six treatment arms (25 villages per arm), were assessed at baseline, and received two or four rounds of MDA using community-wide (CWT) or school-based (SBT) treatment over 4 years. In the fifth year, a final evaluation was conducted. The primary outcomes were prevalence and intensity of <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> infections in children aged 9\u201312 years, each year their village received MDA. Baseline and year 5 assessments of first-year students and adults were also performed. Using Poisson and negative binomial regression with generalized estimating equations, we found similar effects of CWT and SBT MDA treatment strategies in children aged 9\u201312 years: significant reductions of prevalence of infection in all arms and of heavy-intensity (\u2265 400 eggs\/gram) infections in most arms but no significant differences between arms. Combined arms of villages that received four rounds of treatment had greater reduction than villages in arms that only received two rounds of treatment. Surprisingly, we also found benefits of SBT for first-year primary students and adults, who never received treatment in those arms. Our data support the use of annual SBT for control programs when coupled with attention to infections in younger children and occasional treatment of adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T07:00:37Z","timestamp":1575356437000},"page":"318-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparison of School-Based and Community-Wide Mass Drug Administration for Schistosomiasis Control in an Area of Western Kenya with High Initial Schistosoma mansoni Infection Prevalence: A Cluster Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"W. Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan E.","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana M. S.","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurice R.","family":"Odiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B","first-page":"20130434","article-title":"The contribution of mass drug administration to global health: past, present and future","volume":"369","author":"Webster","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Alternative Mass Drug Administration Regimens to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis","author":"WHO Guideline","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther","first-page":"189","article-title":"Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection: elimination with mass drug administration","volume":"17","author":"Wolle","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"229","article-title":"Gaining and sustaining schistosomiasis control: study protocol and baseline data prior to different treatment strategies in five African countries","volume":"16","author":"Ezeamama","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Progress Report 2001\u20132011, Strategic Plan 2012\u20132020","author":"WHO Schistosomiasis","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Int Stat Rev","first-page":"270","article-title":"On the variances of asymptotically normal estimators from complex surveys","volume":"51","author":"Binder","year":"1983"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Biometrika","first-page":"13","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Liang","year":"1986"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Biometrics","first-page":"963","article-title":"Random-effects models for longitudinal 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