{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T07:11:17Z","timestamp":1793344277042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T07:01:35Z","timestamp":1596524495000},"page":"1427-1434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Molecular Detection and Typing of Pathogenic Leptospira in Febrile Patients and Phylogenetic Comparison with Leptospira Detected among Animals in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Allan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Maze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee L.","family":"Galloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Rubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Programme for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly M.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo E. B.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cleaveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilbrod","family":"Saganda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingileki F.","family":"Lwezaula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudovick R.","family":"Kazwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blandina T.","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venance P.","family":"Maro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2589","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002589","article-title":"Estimating leptospirosis incidence using hospital-based surveillance and a population-based health care utilization survey in Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"Biggs","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006372","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006372","article-title":"Risk factors for acute human leptospirosis in northern Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Maze","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12554106963393","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of leptospirosis, amongst at-risk groups in and around Tanga city, Tanzania","volume":"103","author":"Schoonman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006444","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006444","article-title":"Assessment of animal hosts of pathogenic Leptospira in northern Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Allan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63278-0","article-title":"New Leptospira serovar sokoine of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae from cattle in Tanzania","volume":"56","author":"Mgode","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112312","article-title":"Direct detection and differentiation of pathogenic Leptospira species using a multi-gene targeted real time PCR approach","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002752","article-title":"Conservation of the S10-spc-alpha locus within otherwise highly plastic genomes provides phylogenetic insight into the genus Leptospira","volume":"3","author":"Victoria","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00670-06","article-title":"Species-specific identification of Leptospiraceae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing","volume":"44","author":"Morey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.06.011","article-title":"A rapid and quantitative method for the detection of Leptospira species in human leptospirosis","volume":"249","author":"Merien","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12777","article-title":"Diversification of an emerging pathogen in a biodiversity hotspot: Leptospira in endemic small mammals of Madagascar","volume":"23","author":"Dietrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815001363","article-title":"Genotyping of Leptospira directly in urine samples of cattle demonstrates a diversity of species and strains in Brazil","volume":"144","author":"Hamond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0176","article-title":"Leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania","volume":"85","author":"Biggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Unit 12E 5","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32","article-title":"Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test","volume":"32","author":"Goris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005165","article-title":"Comparison of the estimated incidence of acute leptospirosis in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania between 2007\u201308 and 2012\u201314","volume":"10","author":"Maze","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b16","volume-title":"Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans) 2013 Case Definition","year":"2013"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis403","article-title":"Fool\u2019s gold: why imperfect reference tests are undermining the evaluation of novel diagnostics: a reevaluation of 5 diagnostic tests for leptospirosis","volume":"55","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"b18","volume-title":"DNeasy\u00ae Blood & Tissue Handbook","year":"2006"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26775","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26775","article-title":"An improved method for high quality metagenomics DNA extraction from human and environmental samples","volume":"6","author":"Bag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163148","article-title":"Evaluation of lysis methods for the extraction of bacterial DNA for analysis of the vaginal microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.024","article-title":"Optimization of LipL32 PCR assay for increased sensitivity in diagnosing leptospirosis","volume":"82","author":"Galloway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-353-4_17","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the LipL32 gene","volume":"943","author":"Stoddard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7093","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007093","article-title":"Development and validation of a real-time PCR for detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in clinical materials","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.069179-0","article-title":"ATCC 43642 replaces ATCC 23581 as the type strain of Leptospira interrogans (Stimson 1907) Wenyon 1926. Opinion 91. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of prokaryotes","volume":"64","author":"Tindall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D48","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1202","article-title":"GenBank","volume":"40","author":"Benson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004251","article-title":"Leptospira serovars for diagnosis of leptospirosis in humans and animals in Africa: common Leptospira isolates and reservoir hosts","volume":"9","author":"Mgode","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1588-x","article-title":"Human leptospirosis in Tanzania: sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirm that pathogenic Leptospira species circulate among agro-pastoralists living in Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem","volume":"16","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-3-1111","article-title":"DNA relatedness of Leptospira strains isolated from beef cattle in Zimbabwe","volume":"49","author":"Feresu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"b30","first-page":"85","article-title":"The pig, reservoir of Leptospira mitis in Tunisia","volume":"42","author":"Bakoss","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis"},{"key":"b31","volume-title":"The Global Distribution and Host Range of Leptospira Species and Serovars","author":"Maze","year":"2017"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-15-3-331","article-title":"Differentiation of subtypes within Leptospira interrogans serovars Hardjo, Balcanica and Tarassovi, by bacterial restriction-endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA)","volume":"15","author":"Robinson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3526-3529.2002","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting Coxiella burnetii-specific immunoglobulin G for Q fever prevaccination screening and diagnosis","volume":"40","author":"Field","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"b34","first-page":"277","article-title":"Detection of Leptospira santarosai and L. kirschneri in cattle: new isolates with potential impact in bovine production and public health","volume":"42","author":"Carmona-Gasca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinaria Mexico"},{"key":"b35","first-page":"45","article-title":"Isolation of Leptospira from rats, dogs and pigs","volume":"94","author":"Aragon","year":"1965","journal-title":"Philippine J Sci"},{"key":"b36","first-page":"118","article-title":"Antigenic properties of some strains of Leptospirae of the Tarassovi serological group. Systematic positiion of the strain Perepelicin and new serological type Vietnam","volume":"13","author":"Chernukha","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol (Prague)"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001147","article-title":"Advances and challenges in barcoding pathogenic and environmental Leptospira","volume":"145","author":"Guernier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S259","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ727","article-title":"Molecular approaches to understanding transmission and source attribution in nontyphoidal Salmonella and their application in Africa","volume":"61","author":"Mather","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603979103","article-title":"Genome reduction in Leptospira borgpetersenii reflects limited transmission potential","volume":"103","author":"Bulach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.12.110","article-title":"Leptospirosis: current situation and trends of specific laboratory tests","volume":"9","author":"Schreier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis035","article-title":"Utility of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in leptospirosis diagnosis: association of level of leptospiremia and clinical manifestations in Sri Lanka","volume":"54","author":"Agampodi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016236","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR assays targeting 16S rRNA and LipL32 genes for human leptospirosis in Thailand: a case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Thaipadungpanit","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b43","first-page":"65","article-title":"Leptospirosis in humans","volume":"387","author":"Haake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"b44","first-page":"678","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"b45","volume-title":"Leptospira spp. MLST Databases","author":"Jolley","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]],"date-time":"2022-11-05T17:10:02Z","timestamp":1667668202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajtmh.org\/doi\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0703","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]}}}