{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:21:25Z","timestamp":1778656885261,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T07:01:53Z","timestamp":1589871713000},"page":"214-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characteristics Indicative of Tuberculosis\/HIV Coinfection in a High-Burden Setting: Lessons from 13,802 Incident Tuberculosis Cases in Harare, Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joconiah","family":"Chirenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilda A.","family":"Mujuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e806","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30199-1","article-title":"Feasibility of achieving the 2025 WHO global tuberculosis targets in South Africa, China, and India: a combined analysis of 11 mathematical models","volume":"4","author":"Houben","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90476-4","article-title":"Active tuberculosis undiagnosed until autopsy","volume":"72","author":"Bobrowitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000802","article-title":"Prevalence of tuberculosis in post-mortem studies of HIV-infected adults and children in resource-limited settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147933","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a region with high TB and HIV prevalence","volume":"11","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0025","article-title":"Characterizing pediatric tuberculosis with and without human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"99","author":"Earley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2017.00003","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcome of HIV-related tuberculosis in a population of TB patients in south-western Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Olowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0164947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164947","article-title":"The characteristics of TB epidemic and TB\/HIV co-infection epidemic: a 2007\u20132013 retrospective study in Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.17.0024","article-title":"Age-stratified tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Zimbabwe: are we paying attention to the most vulnerable?","volume":"7","author":"Ncube","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"key":"b10","volume-title":"National Guidelines for TB\/HIV Co-Management","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11","volume-title":"Definitions and Reporting Framework for Tuberculosis \u2013 2013 Revision","year":"2014"},{"key":"b12","volume-title":"National Tuberculosis Program \u2013Strategic Plan (2017\u20132020","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2018","year":"2018"},{"key":"b14","volume-title":"Census 2012 Provincial Report Harare","year":"2012"},{"key":"b15","first-page":"869","article-title":"Socio-economic impact of tuberculosis on patients and family in India","volume":"3","author":"Rajeswari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00193413","article-title":"Financial burden for tuberculosis patients in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Tanimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002360","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002360","article-title":"Community burden of undiagnosed HIV infection among adolescents in Zimbabwe following primary healthcare-based provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"14","author":"Simms","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1086\/511878","article-title":"HIV infection presenting in older children and adolescents: a case series from Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"44","author":"Ferrand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"b19","volume-title":"Zimbabwe Population Census 2012 Women and Men Profile Summary Report","year":"2012"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191387","article-title":"Demography and the dual epidemics of tuberculosis and HIV: analysis of cross-sectional data from sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"13","author":"Aliyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b21","first-page":"26","article-title":"Sex differences in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco","volume":"4","author":"Martinez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"b22","first-page":"435","article-title":"Gender disparity amongst TB suspects and new TB patients according to data recorded at the South African institute of medical research laboratory for the Western cape region of South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Austin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"b23","first-page":"604","article-title":"Tuberculosis and patient gender in Bangladesh: sex differences in diagnosis and treatment outcome","volume":"5","author":"Begum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"b24","first-page":"882","article-title":"Gender differences in relation to sputum submission and smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi","volume":"4","author":"Boeree","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(01)00143-9","article-title":"Fear and social isolation as consequences of tuberculosis in Vietnam: a gender analysis","volume":"58","author":"Long","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2598-z","article-title":"The burden of HIV on tuberculosis patients in the Volta region of Ghana from 2012 to 2015: implication for tuberculosis control","volume":"17","author":"Osei","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-124","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of adult patients with recurrent tuberculosis in relation to HIV status in Zimbabwe: a retrospective record review","volume":"12","author":"Takarinda","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832f51cf","article-title":"Recurrent TB: relapse or reinfection? The effect of HIV in a general population cohort in Malawi","volume":"24","author":"Crampin","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu574","article-title":"Recurrence due to relapse or reinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a whole-genome sequencing approach in a large, population-based cohort with a high HIV infection prevalence and active follow-up","volume":"211","author":"Guerra-Assuncao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"b30","volume-title":"Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis: What the Clinician Should Know","year":"2013"},{"key":"b31","first-page":"887","article-title":"Determinants of drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of 11 countries","volume":"5","author":"Espinal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/380644","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"b33","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Extra-pulmonary manifestations in a large metropolitan area with a low incidence of tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0209650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209650","article-title":"Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: a retrospective study of patients in Accra, Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Ohene","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200408-1147OC","article-title":"Clinical relevance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis plcD gene mutations","volume":"171","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-1974OC","article-title":"Impact of GeneXpert MTB\/RIF on patients and tuberculosis programs in a low-burden setting. A hypothetical trial","volume":"189","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Critical Care Med"},{"key":"b37","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Significant variation in presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis across a high resolution of CD4 strata","volume":"14","author":"Chamie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.1.74","article-title":"CD4 T lymphocyte count and the radiographic presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis: a study of the relationship between these factors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"107","author":"Keiper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T17:40:43Z","timestamp":1611769243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajtmh.org\/doi\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0856","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}}}