{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:43:03Z","timestamp":1774942983350,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T07:00:49Z","timestamp":1590562849000},"page":"646-651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Risk Factors for Epidemic Cholera in Lusaka, Zambia\u20142017"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Francis H.","family":"Nanzaluka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lwito","family":"Mutale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Kapaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Sakubita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelia","family":"Langa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hammad S.","family":"N\u2019cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Malambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Blackstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Riggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mukonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nyambe","family":"Sinyange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Yard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Brunkard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832","article-title":"Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30559-7","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"390","author":"Clemens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"b3","volume-title":"UNICEF Cholera Toolkit","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0162-z","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"5","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"b5","first-page":"324","article-title":"Cholera epidemiology in Zambia from 2000 to 2010: implications for improving cholera prevention and control strategies in the country","volume":"90","author":"Olu","year":"2013","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"b6","volume-title":"Cholera Country Profile: Zambia","year":"2011"},{"key":"b7","volume-title":"JMP Lusaka Data","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8","volume-title":"Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. UNICEF, WHO Joint Monitoring Project","year":"2017"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006273","article-title":"Epidemic cholera in urban Zambia: hand soap and dried fish as protective factors","volume":"134","author":"DuBois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.414","article-title":"Spatial analysis of risk factor of cholera outbreak for 2003\u20132004 in a peri-urban area of Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"79","author":"Sasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b11","first-page":"783","article-title":"Cholera epidemic associated with raw vegetables\u2014Lusaka, Zambia, 2003\u20132004","volume":"53","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6719a5","article-title":"Cholera epidemic - Lusaka, Zambia, October 2017\u2013May 2018","volume":"67","author":"Sinyange","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"b13","volume-title":"Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Incorporating the First Addendum","year":"2017"},{"key":"b14","volume-title":"Mode of Communication of Cholera","author":"Snow","year":"1855"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0897","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between water, sanitation, and hygiene exposures and cholera in case-control studies","volume":"99","author":"Wolfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5038\/1827-806X.32.1.5","article-title":"Human impact on karst: the example of Lusaka","volume":"32","author":"DeWaele","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Spelol"},{"key":"b17","first-page":"129","article-title":"A preliminary inventory of hazardous medical waste disposal systems and their influence on groundwater quality in Lusaka","volume":"35","author":"Nkhuwa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med J Zambia"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.08.002","article-title":"Emerging contaminants in urban groundwater sources in Africa","volume":"72","author":"Sorensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006379","article-title":"Dynamics of cholera epidemics from Benin to Mauritania","volume":"12","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31650-6","article-title":"The history, geography, and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums","volume":"389","author":"Ezeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170529","article-title":"Cholera mortality during urban epidemic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, August 16, 2015\u2013January 16, 2016","volume":"23","author":"McCrickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy283","article-title":"Micro-hotspots of risk in urban cholera epidemics","volume":"218","author":"Azman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1711.110772","article-title":"Epidemic cholera in a crowded urban environment, Port-au-Prince, Haiti","volume":"17","author":"Dunkle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0734","article-title":"Evaluation of an emergency bulk chlorination project targeting drinking water vendors in cholera-affected wards of Dar es Salaam and Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"100","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy488","article-title":"Household water treatment and cholera control","volume":"218","author":"Lantagne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0033-9","article-title":"Household water treatment and safe storage to prevent diarrheal disease in developing countries","volume":"2","author":"Clasen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0871","article-title":"Risk factors for household transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Trial)","volume":"96","author":"Burrowes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b28","first-page":"2134","article-title":"Cholera cases cluster in time and space in Matlab, Bangladesh: implications for targeted preventive interventions","volume":"45","author":"Debes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90370-2","article-title":"Foodborne transmission of cholera in Micronesian households","volume":"1","author":"Holmberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3314","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003314","article-title":"Household transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0095","article-title":"Bacterial shedding in household contacts of cholera patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"91","author":"Weil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2204","article-title":"Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0208","article-title":"Seroepidemiologic survey of epidemic cholera in Haiti to assess spectrum of illness and risk factors for severe disease","volume":"89","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b34","volume-title":"Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T17:06:59Z","timestamp":1611767219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajtmh.org\/doi\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0089","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]}}}