{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T09:48:00Z","timestamp":1768038480235,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The control of malaria, in terms of drug resistance, remains a significant global challenge, with Bangladesh, a malaria-endemic country, being no exception. The aim of this study was to explore antimalarial resistance in Bangladesh by molecular analysis of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> chloroquine resistance transporter (<jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> multidrug resistance transporter 1 (<jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>) genetic markers of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Samples were obtained from uncomplicated malaria patients between 2009 and 2014 from six malaria-endemic districts. Based on parasite transmission intensity, the endemic districts were divided into high-transmission (Chittagong Hill Tracts [CHT]) and low-transmission (non-CHT) regions. Falciparum malaria-positive isolates were genotyped for K76T of the <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> gene, and N86Y and Y184F of the <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> gene: in total, 262 <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates were analyzed. In CHT areas, the prevalence of polymorphisms was 70.6% for 76T, 14.4% for 86Y, and 7.8% for 184F. In non-CHT areas, 76T and 86Y mutations were found in 78.0% and 19.5% of the samples, respectively, whereas no 184F mutations were observed. We compared our data with previous similar molecular observations, which shows a significant decrease in <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> 76T mutation prevalence. No <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> amplification was observed in any of the samples suggesting an unaltered susceptibility to amino alcohol drugs such as mefloquine and lumefantrine. This study provides an updated assessment of the current status of <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> gene mutations in Bangladesh, and suggests there is persistent high prevalence of markers of resistance to aminoquinoline drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T07:00:47Z","timestamp":1604386847000},"page":"276-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Persistence of Markers of Chloroquine Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Fatema Tuj","family":"Johora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubayet","family":"Elahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"2Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maisha Khair","family":"Nima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"3Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sharif","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humaira","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Golam","family":"Kibria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abu Naser","family":"Mohon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"4Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wasif A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashidul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Shafiul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30228-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of resistance to antimalarial drugs in the Greater Mekong subregion: an observational study","author":"Imwong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363417","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/363417","article-title":"Border malaria associated with multidrug resistance on Thailand-Myanmar and Thailand-Cambodia borders: transmission dynamic, vulnerability, and surveillance","volume":"2013","author":"Bhumiratana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1963.12.840","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum resistant to chloroquine in Cambodia","volume":"12","author":"Eyles","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14127","article-title":"Combating multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"284","author":"Thu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Febs J"},{"key":"b6","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2015","year":"2015"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2405-3","article-title":"Mapping the stability of malaria hotspots in Bangladesh from 2013 to 2016","volume":"17","author":"Noe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b8","volume-title":"National Malaria Data Bangladesh, 2007\u20132018","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0446","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in Bangladesh does not suggest a hypoendemic population structure","volume":"94","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43481","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43481","article-title":"Mapping imported malaria in Bangladesh using parasite genetic and human mobility data","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"b11","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12","volume-title":"Global Database on Antimalarial Drug Efficacy and Resistance","year":"2019"},{"key":"b13","volume-title":"Strategic Plan for Malaria Control Programme Bangladesh","year":"2008"},{"key":"b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70176-1","article-title":"Malaria burden and control in Bangladesh and prospects for elimination: an epidemiological and economic assessment","volume":"2","author":"Haque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"b15","volume-title":"Artemisinin Resistance and Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Efficacy","year":"2018"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0805011","article-title":"Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia","volume":"359","author":"Noedl","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12876","article-title":"A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"505","author":"Ariey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60484-X","article-title":"Emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria on the western border of Thailand: a longitudinal study","volume":"379","author":"Phyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260867","article-title":"Drug resistance. K13-propeller mutations confer artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates","volume":"347","author":"Straimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025619","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025619","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance: a threat to malaria elimination","volume":"7","author":"Menard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1086\/653710","article-title":"Azithromycin combination therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Bangladesh: an open-label randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"202","author":"Thriemer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.39","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Bangladesh","volume":"76","author":"Haque","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3329\/bmrcb.v39i3.20310","article-title":"An open randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of two fixed dose combinations of artemesinin based combinations for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Bangladesh","volume":"39","author":"Samad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.02.007","article-title":"Efficacy of chloroquine + sulfadoxine--pyrimethamine, mefloquine + artesunate and artemether + lumefantrine combination therapies to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh","volume":"99","author":"van den Broek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.05.022","article-title":"Adherence and efficacy of supervised versus non-supervised treatment with artemether\/lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Rahman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1995-5","article-title":"Molecular analysis demonstrates high prevalence of chloroquine resistance but no evidence of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh","volume":"16","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b27","volume-title":"Revised (Current) Malaria Treatment Regimen-2017","year":"2018"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101253440403","article-title":"A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria","volume":"344","author":"Djimde","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11553","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11553","article-title":"Globally prevalent PfMDR1 mutations modulate Plasmodium falciparum susceptibility to artemisinin-based combination therapies","volume":"7","author":"Veiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis747","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance phenotype as assessed by patient antimalarial drug levels and its association with pfmdr1 polymorphisms","volume":"207","author":"Malmberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1086\/507115","article-title":"Decreasing pfmdr1 copy number in Plasmodium falciparum malaria heightens susceptibility to mefloquine, lumefantrine, halofantrine, quinine, and artemisinin","volume":"194","author":"Sidhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1086\/503423","article-title":"Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"42","author":"Price","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01818-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01818-18","article-title":"Changing molecular markers of antimalarial drug sensitivity across Uganda","volume":"63","author":"Asua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-431","article-title":"Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum K13 propeller gene from Bangladesh (2009\u20132013)","volume":"13","author":"Mohon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.05.007","article-title":"Efficacy of chloroquine plus primaquine treatment and pfcrt mutation in uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients in Rangamati, Bangladesh","volume":"60","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.01.003","article-title":"High prevalence of sulfadoxine\/pyrimethamine resistance alleles in Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Bangladesh","volume":"59","author":"Marma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1598-6","article-title":"Analysis of anti-malarial resistance markers in pfmdr1 and pfcrt across Southeast Asia in the tracking resistance to artemisinin collaboration","volume":"15","author":"Srimuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01249.x","article-title":"Drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum from the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"van den Broek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-386","article-title":"Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum using antigenic polymorphic markers and to study anti-malarial drug resistance markers in malaria endemic areas of Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Akter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b40","first-page":"189","article-title":"Nested PCR analysis of Plasmodium parasites","volume":"72","author":"Snounou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Mol Med"},{"key":"b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-175","article-title":"Real-time PCR assay and rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of clinically suspected malaria patients in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Alam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2005.10.003","article-title":"Multiplex PCR-RFLP methods for pfcrt, pfmdr1 and pfdhfr mutations in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"20","author":"Veiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00201-2","article-title":"The tyrosine-86 allele of the pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with increased sensitivity to the anti-malarials mefloquine and artemisinin","volume":"108","author":"Duraisingh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-1","article-title":"Real-time quantitative PCR with SYBR Green I detection for estimating copy numbers of nine drug resistance candidate genes in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b45","volume-title":"Copy Number Estimation of the Plasmodium falciparum Pfmdr1 Gene","year":"2014"},{"key":"b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062032","article-title":"Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi","volume":"355","author":"Laufer","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"b47","first-page":"584","article-title":"The return of chloroquine-susceptible Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zambia","volume":"15","author":"Mwanza","year":"2016"},{"key":"b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-415","article-title":"Trends in chloroquine resistance marker, Pfcrt-K76T mutation ten years after chloroquine withdrawal in Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1474-4","article-title":"Prevalence of crt and mdr-1 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Grande Comore island after withdrawal of chloroquine","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-35","article-title":"Longitudinal study assessing the return of chloroquine susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in isolates from travellers returning from West and Central Africa, 2000-2011","volume":"12","author":"Gharbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.03.002","article-title":"Population genetic analyses of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine receptor transporter gene haplotypes reveal the evolutionary history of chloroquine-resistant malaria in India","volume":"41","author":"Awasthi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0031","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and multidrug resistance 1 genes: parasite risk factors that affect treatment outcomes for P. falciparum malaria after artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine","volume":"91","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1086\/427997","article-title":"In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 86N coding alleles by artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem)","volume":"191","author":"Sisowath","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2233-5","article-title":"Prevalence of molecular markers of artemisinin and lumefantrine resistance among patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in three provinces in Angola, 2015","volume":"17","author":"Ljolje","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00875-06","article-title":"Amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine select distinct alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum mdr1 gene in Tanzanian children treated for uncomplicated malaria","volume":"51","author":"Humphreys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir486","article-title":"Prolonged selection of pfmdr1 polymorphisms after treatment of falciparum malaria with artemether-lumefantrine in Uganda","volume":"204","author":"Baliraine","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00968-08","article-title":"Selection of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene 1 alleles in asexual stages and gametocytes by artemether-lumefantrine in Nigerian children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria","volume":"53","author":"Happi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16767-6","article-title":"Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene copy number","volume":"364","author":"Price","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.140","article-title":"Drug-resistant malaria in Bangladesh: an in vitro assessment","volume":"68","author":"Noedl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1513137","article-title":"A worldwide map of Plasmodium falciparum K13-propeller polymorphisms","volume":"374","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/1\/article-p276.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/1\/article-p276.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T17:43:23Z","timestamp":1611769403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/1\/article-p276.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0415","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]}}}