{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T02:07:17Z","timestamp":1762999637613},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dracunculiasis, slated for global eradication, typically is acquired by drinking stagnant water containing microscopic crustaceans (copepods) infected with <jats:italic>Dracunculus medinensis<\/jats:italic> larvae, causing clusters of case persons with worms emerging from the skin. Following a 10-year absence of reported cases, 9\u201326 sporadic human cases with few epidemiologic links have been reported annually in Chad since 2010; dog infections have also been reported since 2012. We conducted an investigation of human cases in Chad to identify risk factors. We conducted a case\u2013control study using a standardized questionnaire to assess water and aquatic animal consumption, and links to dog infections. Case persons had laboratory-confirmed <jats:italic>D. medinensis<\/jats:italic> during 2013\u20132017. Each case person was matched to one to three controls without history of disease by age, gender, and residency in the village where the case person was likely infected. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) using simple conditional logistic regression. We enrolled 25 case persons with 63 matched controls. Dracunculiasis was associated with consumption of untreated water from hand-dug wells (OR: 13.4; 95% CI: 1.7\u2013108.6), but neither with consumption of aquatic animals nor presence of infected dogs in villages. Unsafe water consumption remains associated with dracunculiasis. Education of populations about consuming safe water and using copepod filters to strain unsafe water should continue and expand, as should efforts to develop and maintain safe drinking water sources. Nevertheless, the peculiar epidemiology in Chad remains incompletely explained. Future studies of dogs might identify other risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T07:05:37Z","timestamp":1607411137000},"page":"724-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation of Dracunculiasis Transmission among Humans, Chad, 2013\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Eugene W.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita D.","family":"Sircar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kolio","family":"Matchanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Chad Office, World Health Organization (WHO), N\u2019Djamena, Chad;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ada Mbang","family":"Mahamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Ministry of Public Health, N\u2019Djamena, Chad;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neloumta","family":"Ngarhor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Ministry of Public Health, N\u2019Djamena, Chad;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip Tchindebet","family":"Ouakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Ministry of Public Health, N\u2019Djamena, Chad;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Zirimwabagabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Ruiz-Tiben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9","family":"Sankara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/2\/article-p724.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/2\/article-p724.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T02:10:04Z","timestamp":1612836604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/2\/article-p724.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0584","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]}}}