{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:11:11Z","timestamp":1762956671164},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In low-resource settings, <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. is a common cause of diarrheal disease in children under the age of 3 years. In addition to diarrhea, these children also experience subclinical episodes that have been shown to affect growth and cognitive function. In this study, we screened polymorphisms in the promoter and exon1 regions of the mannose binding lectin 2 (<jats:italic>MBL2<\/jats:italic>) gene, as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) described in toll-like receptors (TLR) TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and TIR domain-containing adaptor protein (<jats:italic>TIRAP<\/jats:italic>) genes among children with cryptosporidial diarrhea (cases) and children who only experienced asymptomatic (subclinical) cryptosporidiosis (controls). Among the polymorphisms screened, the variant allele B at codon 54 (rs1800450) of the <jats:italic>MBL2<\/jats:italic> gene was associated with susceptibility to cryptosporidial diarrhea (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20092.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1\u20134.5). When plasma <jats:italic>MBL<\/jats:italic> levels were compared, 72% of cases were found to be deficient compared with 32% among controls (OR\u2009=\u20095.09). Among <jats:italic>TLR<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms screened, multivariate analysis showed that heterozygous genotypes of <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic> 896A\/G (rs4986790, OR\u2009=\u20090.33, 95% CI: 0.11\u20130.98) and <jats:italic>TIRAP<\/jats:italic> 539 C\/T (rs8177374, OR\u2009=\u20090.19, 95% CI: 0.06\u20130.64) SNPs were associated with protection from cryptosporidial diarrhea. Although not statistically significant, these findings suggest that polymorphisms of <jats:italic>MBL2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TLR<\/jats:italic> genes influence susceptibility to symptomatic cryptosporidial diarrhea even in settings with high exposure levels. Further studies to validate these findings in a larger cohort and to understand the role of these polymorphisms in mediating innate and adaptive immune responses to cryptosporidial infection are necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T12:34:19Z","timestamp":1632746059000},"page":"1706-1711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toll-Like Receptors and Mannose Binding Lectin Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Cryptosporidial Diarrhea in Children in Southern India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Farzana Begum","family":"Liakath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savitha","family":"Varatharajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasanna Samuel","family":"Premkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanduni","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honorine","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sitara S. R.","family":"Ajjampur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/6\/article-p1706.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/6\/article-p1706.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T23:02:01Z","timestamp":1638399721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/6\/article-p1706.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0617","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}}}