{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:18:05Z","timestamp":1772255885354,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There is little information about the amount of recent tuberculosis transmission in low-income settings. Genetic clustering can help identify ongoing transmission events. A retrospective observational study was performed on\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from persons living with HIV (PLHIV) and HIV-seronegative participants who submitted samples to a referral tuberculosis laboratory in Guatemala City, Guatemala from 2010 to 2014. Genotyping results were classified according to the international spoligotyping database, SITVIT2. Spoligotype patterns were categorized as clustered or nonclustered depending on their genotype. The proportion of clustering and the index of recent transmission index (RTI\n                    <jats:sub>n-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were estimated. In the RTI\n                    <jats:sub>n-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    method, clustered cases represent recent transmission, whereas nonclustered cases represent reactivation of older tuberculosis infections. As a secondary aim, the potential risk factors associated with clustering in isolates from the subset of participants living with HIV were explored. From 2010 to 2014, a total of 479 study participants were confirmed as culture-positive tuberculosis cases. Among the 400 available isolates, 71 spoligotype patterns were identified. Overall, the most frequent spoligotyping families were Latin American-Mediterranean (LAM) (39%), followed by T (22%) and Haarlem (14%). Out of the 400 isolates, 365 were grouped in 36 clusters (range of cluster size: 2\u201392). Thus, the proportion of clustering was 91% and the RTI\n                    <jats:sub>n-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    was 82%. Among PLHIV, pulmonary tuberculosis was associated with clustering (OR\u2009=\u20094.3, 95% CI 1.0\u201317.7). Our findings suggest high levels of ongoing transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Guatemala as revealed by the high proportion of isolates falling into genomic clusters.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T08:11:54Z","timestamp":1646035914000},"page":"1173-1181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of the Proportion of Clustered Tuberculosis Cases in Guatemala: Insights from a Molecular Epidemiology Study, 2010\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"},{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"},{"name":"3Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Lau-Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anneliese","family":"Moller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Asociaci\u00f3n de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Arathoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Asociaci\u00f3n de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Samayoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Asociaci\u00f3n de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala;"},{"name":"6Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick D.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Ebell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Dobbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"},{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/4\/article-p1173.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/4\/article-p1173.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T08:38:56Z","timestamp":1649234336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/4\/article-p1173.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0742","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.03.23.20033878","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]}}}