{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:28:25Z","timestamp":1793780905323,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T07:00:57Z","timestamp":1603782057000},"page":"207-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Population-Based Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Antibodies in Four Districts with Varying Levels of Trachoma Endemicity in Amhara, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigist","family":"Astale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Nute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danaya","family":"Bethea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DPD, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambahun","family":"Chernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshetu","family":"Sata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulat","family":"Zerihun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demelash","family":"Gessese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gedefaw","family":"Ayenew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zebene","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berhanu","family":"Melak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahteme","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Public Health Institute, Research and Technology Transfer Directorate, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taye","family":"Zeru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Public Health Institute, Research and Technology Transfer Directorate, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerihun","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin F.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Kelly","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DPD, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000299","article-title":"The burden of trachoma in Ayod county of Southern Sudan","volume":"2","author":"King","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002732","article-title":"Prevalence of trachoma at sub-district level in Ethiopia: determining when to stop mass azithromycin distribution","volume":"8","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005080","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005080","article-title":"The relationship between active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection before and after mass antibiotic treatment","volume":"10","author":"Ramadhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b4","first-page":"1840","article-title":"Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection under the SAFE strategy in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2011\u20132015","volume":"67","author":"Nash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003555","article-title":"Serology for trachoma surveillance after cessation of mass drug administration","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15056-7","article-title":"Serology reflects a decline in the prevalence of trachoma in two regions of the Gambia","volume":"7","author":"Migchelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1873","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001873","article-title":"CT694 and pgp3 as serological tools for monitoring trachoma programs","volume":"6","author":"Goodhew","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18532","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18532","article-title":"Serological measures of trachoma transmission intensity","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0102","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibodies before and after mass drug administration for trachoma in community-wide surveys of four communities in Nepal","volume":"98","author":"Gwyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21127-0","article-title":"Longitudinal change in the serology of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis pgp3 in children residing in a trachoma area","volume":"8","author":"West","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000197","article-title":"Integrating an NTD with one of \u201cThe big three\u201d: combined malaria and trachoma survey in Amhara Region of Ethiopia","volume":"2","author":"Emerson","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0450","article-title":"Progress to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem in Amhara national regional state, Ethiopia: results of 152 population-based surveys","volume":"101","author":"Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2015.1037401","article-title":"The global trachoma mapping project: methodology of a 34-country population-based study","volume":"22","author":"Solomon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"b14","first-page":"477","article-title":"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Thylefors","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61515-8","article-title":"Comparison of annual versus twice-yearly mass azithromycin treatment for hyperendemic trachoma in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"379","author":"Gebre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"b16","first-page":"538","article-title":"Trachoma prevalence remains below threshold in five districts after stopping mass drug administration: results of five surveillance surveys within a hyperendemic setting in Amhara, Ethiopia","volume":"112","author":"Nash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2014.884600","article-title":"Estimating community prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection using pooled polymerase chain reaction testing","volume":"21","author":"Ray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2307\/1912934","article-title":"A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity","volume":"48","author":"White","year":"1980","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00985261","article-title":"Generalizations of current status data with applications","volume":"1","author":"Jewell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal"},{"key":"b20","first-page":"185","article-title":"National survey on blindness, low vision and trachoma in Ethiopia: methods and study clusters profile","volume":"21","author":"Berhane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.11.023","article-title":"Evaluation of three years of the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement) for trachoma control in five districts of Ethiopia hyperendemic for trachoma","volume":"103","author":"Ngondi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006270","article-title":"Population-based coverage survey results following the mass drug administration of azithromycin for the treatment of trachoma in Amhara, Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Astale","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13208","article-title":"Population coverage and factors associated with participation following a mass drug administration of azithromycin for trachoma elimination in Amhara, Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Ebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0684","article-title":"One size does not fit all: achieving trachoma control by 2030","volume":"101","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0614-6","article-title":"Enhanced antibiotic distribution strategies and the potential impact of facial cleanliness and environmental improvements for the sustained control of trachoma: a modelling study","volume":"14","author":"Pinsent","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002633","article-title":"Mass azithromycin distribution for hyperendemic trachoma following a cluster-randomized trial: a continuation study of randomly reassigned subclusters (TANA II)","volume":"15","author":"Keenan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.019","article-title":"Frequency of mass azithromycin distribution for ocular Chlamydia in a trachoma endemic region of Ethiopia: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"214","author":"Lietman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007749","article-title":"Pgp3 seroprevalence and associations with active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Malawi: cross-sectional surveys in six evaluation units","volume":"13","author":"Burr","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-216","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of antibody responses to trachoma antigens before and after mass drug administration","volume":"14","author":"Goodhew","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004352","article-title":"Can we use antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis as a surveillance tool for national trachoma control programs? Results from a district survey","volume":"10","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7326","article-title":"What is causing active trachoma? The role of nonchlamydial bacterial pathogens in a low prevalence setting","volume":"52","author":"Burton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002347","article-title":"Association between ocular bacterial carriage and follicular trachoma following mass azithromycin distribution in the Gambia","volume":"7","author":"Burr","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07852-0","article-title":"The utility of serology for elimination surveillance of trachoma","volume":"9","author":"Pinsent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004462","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004462","article-title":"Control of trachoma from Achham district, Nepal: a cross-sectional study from the Nepal national trachoma program","volume":"10","author":"Pant","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005003","article-title":"The World Health Organization recommendations for trachoma surveillance, experience in Nepal and added benefit of testing for antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis pgp3 protein: NESTS study","volume":"10","author":"Zambrano","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3062","article-title":"Surveillance surveys for reemergent trachoma in formerly endemic districts in Nepal from 2 to 10 Years after mass drug administration cessation","volume":"135","author":"West","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007027","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007027","article-title":"Serological and PCR-based markers of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis transmission in northern Ghana after elimination of trachoma as a public health problem","volume":"12","author":"Senyonjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008316","article-title":"The use of serology for trachoma surveillance: current status and priorities for future investigation","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008226","article-title":"Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and infectious load among pre-school aged children within trachoma hyperendemic districts receiving the SAFE strategy, Amhara region, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Nash","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T17:00:46Z","timestamp":1611766846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajtmh.org\/doi\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0777","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]}}}