{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:49:27Z","timestamp":1787986167283,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the Kenya National School-Based Deworming program launched in 2012 and implemented for the first 5 years (2012\u20132017), the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and schistosomiasis substantially reduced over the mentioned period among the surveyed schools. However, this reduction is heterogeneous. In this study, we aimed to determine the factors associated with the 5-year school-level infection prevalence and relative reduction (RR) in prevalence in Kenya following the implementation of the program. Multiple variables related to treatment, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and environmental factors were assembled and included in mixed-effects linear regression models to identify key determinants of the school location STH and schistosomiasis prevalence and RR. Reduced prevalence of <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> was associated with low (&lt; 1%) baseline prevalence, seven rounds of treatment, high (50\u201375%) self-reported coverage of household handwashing facility equipped with water and soap, high (20\u201325\u00b0C) land surface temperature, and community population density of 5\u201310 people per 100 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Reduced hookworm prevalence was associated with low (&lt; 1%) baseline prevalence and the presence of a school feeding program. Reduced <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic> prevalence was associated with low (&lt; 1%) baseline prevalence. Reduced <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> prevalence was associated with low (&lt; 1%) baseline prevalence, three treatment rounds, and high (&gt; 75%) reported coverage of a household improved water source. Reduced <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> was associated with high aridity index. Analysis indicated that a combination of factors, including the number of treatment rounds, multiple related program interventions, community- and school-level WASH, and several environmental factors had a major influence on the school-level infection transmission and reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T12:28:40Z","timestamp":1618230520000},"page":"2251-2263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Statistical Regression Model of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene; Treatment Coverage; and Environmental Influences on School-Level Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Schistosome Prevalence in Kenya: Secondary Analysis of the National Deworming Program Data"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Collins","family":"Okoyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya;"},{"name":"2School of Mathematics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzy J.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Deworm the World, Evidence Action, Washington, District of Columbia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrispin","family":"Owaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Deworm the World, Evidence Action, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2School of Mathematics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Medley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mwandawiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/6\/article-p2251.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/6\/article-p2251.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T16:40:00Z","timestamp":1622652000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/6\/article-p2251.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1189","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]}}}