{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T19:56:08Z","timestamp":1781553368288,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diarrheal disease is the second most frequent cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years worldwide, causing more than half a million deaths each year. Our knowledge of the epidemiology of potentially pathogenic agents found in children suffering from diarrhea in sub-Saharan African countries is still patchy, and thereby hinders implementation of effective preventative interventions. The lack of cheap, easy-to-use diagnostic tools leads to mostly symptomatic and empirical case management. An observational study with a total of 241 participants was conducted from February 2017 to August 2018 among children younger than 5 years with diarrhea in Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon. Clinical and demographic data were recorded, and a stool sample was collected. The samples were examined using a commercial rapid immunoassay to detect Rotavirus\/adenovirus, conventional bacterial culture for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp., and multiplex real-time PCR for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Cyclospora cayetanensis<\/jats:italic>, enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ETEC), and enteroinvasive <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (EIEC)\/<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>. At least one infectious agent was present in 121 of 241 (50%) samples. The most frequently isolated pathogens were EIEC\/<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> and ETEC (54\/179; 30.2% and 44\/179; 24.6%, respectively), followed by <jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic> (33\/241; 13.7%), <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. (31\/241; 12.9%), and Rotavirus (23\/241; 9.5%). Coinfection with multiple pathogens was observed in 33% (40\/121) of the positive cases with EIEC\/<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>, ETEC, and <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. most frequently identified. Our results provide new insight into the possible causes of diarrheal disease in the Moyen-Ogoou\u00e9 region of Gabon and motivate further research on possible modes of infection and targeted preventive measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T15:29:05Z","timestamp":1625758145000},"page":"254-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Prevalence of Pathogens in Young Children Presenting to Hospital with Diarrhea from Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"G\u00e9d\u00e9on Prince","family":"Manouana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"2Institut f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institut f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirabeau","family":"Mbong Ngwese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvyn","family":"Nguema Moure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-L\u00fcbeck-Riems, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gedeon","family":"Bingoulou Matsougou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"4D\u00e9partement de P\u00e9diatrie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (USS), Libreville, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Lotola Mougeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsy","family":"Nnoh Dansou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maradona Daouda","family":"Agbanrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane Sidonie","family":"Mapikou Gouleu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Ategbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4D\u00e9partement de P\u00e9diatrie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (USS), Libreville, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannot Fr\u00e9jus","family":"Zinsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bayode Romeo","family":"Adegbite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"5Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;"},{"name":"6Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Ronald","family":"Edoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Gottfried","family":"Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"2Institut f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"},{"name":"7German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mordm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"2Institut f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"},{"name":"7German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Eibach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-L\u00fcbeck-Riems, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany;"},{"name":"8Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"2Institut f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"},{"name":"9Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alabi","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Borrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"2Institut f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"},{"name":"7German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayola Akim","family":"Adegnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"2Institut f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"},{"name":"7German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/1\/article-p254.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/1\/article-p254.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T15:29:05Z","timestamp":1625758145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/1\/article-p254.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1290","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]}}}