{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:29:30Z","timestamp":1782458970774,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The malaria vector, <jats:italic>Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic>, which is typically restricted to South Asia and the Middle East, was recently detected in the Horn of Africa. Addressing the spread of this vector could involve integrated vector control that considers the status of insecticide resistance of multiple vector species in the region. Previous reports indicate that the knockdown resistance mutations (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>) in the voltage-gated sodium channel (<jats:italic>vgsc<\/jats:italic>) are absent in both pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-sensitive <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic> in eastern Ethiopia; however, similar information about other vector species in the same areas is limited. In this study, <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> and the neighboring intron were analyzed in <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Culex pipiens <\/jats:italic>s.l. collected between 2016 and 2017 to determine the evolutionary history of <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> in eastern Ethiopia. A sequence analysis revealed that all of <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens <\/jats:italic>s.l. (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200942) and 71.6% of the <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200967) carried <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> L1014F, which is known to confer target-site pyrethroid resistance. Intronic variation was only observed in <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic> (six segregating sites, three haplotypes), which was previously shown to have no <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutations. In addition, no evidence of non-neutral evolutionary processes was detected at the <jats:italic>An. stephensi kdr<\/jats:italic> intron, thereby further supporting the target-site mechanism not being a major resistance mechanism in this <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic> population. Overall, these results show key differences in the evolution of target-site pyrethroid\/dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance mutations in populations of vector species from the same region. Variations in insecticide resistance mechanism profiles between eastern Ethiopian mosquito vectors may lead to different responses to insecticides used in integrated vector control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T12:44:04Z","timestamp":1641818644000},"page":"632-638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Analysis of the Knockdown Resistance Locus (kdr) in Anopheles stephensi, An. arabiensis, and Culex pipiens s.l. for Insight Into the Evolution of Target-site Pyrethroid Resistance in Eastern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Tamar E.","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Araya","family":"Gebresilassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantoy","family":"Hansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lambodhar","family":"Damodaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Janies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Yared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Biology, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p632.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p632.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T14:59:08Z","timestamp":1643813948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p632.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1357","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]}}}