{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:54:07Z","timestamp":1784944447741,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Information about factors potentially favoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in rural settings is limited. Following a case\u2013control study design in a rural Ecuadorian village that was severely struck by the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected by real-time PCR in swabs obtained from inner and upper walls in 24\/48 randomly selected latrines from case-houses and in 12\/48 flushing toilets from paired control-houses (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014; McNemar\u2019s test). This association persisted in a conditional logistic regression model adjusted for relevant covariates (OR: 4.82; 95% CI: 1.38\u201316.8; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014). In addition, SARS-CoV-2\u2013seropositive subjects were more often identified among those living in houses with a latrine (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). Latrines have almost five times the odds of containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA than their paired flushing toilets. Latrines are reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and it cannot be ruled out that latrines could contribute to viral transmission in rural settings. Frequent disinfection of latrines should be recommended to reduce the likelihood of fecal contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T07:03:43Z","timestamp":1610607823000},"page":"1045-1047","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Swabbed Samples from Latrines and Flushing Toilets: A Case\u2013Control Study in a Rural Latin American Setting"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Oscar H.","family":"Del Brutto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Medicine, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo \u2013 Ecuador, Samborond\u00f3n, Ecuador;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo F.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Community Center, The Atahualpa Project, Atahualpa, Ecuador;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robertino M.","family":"Mera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Epidemiology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derly","family":"Andrade-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Omics Sciences Laboratory, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo \u2013 Ecuador, Samborond\u00f3n, Ecuador;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettsy Y.","family":"Recalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Community Center, The Atahualpa Project, Atahualpa, Ecuador;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor H.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Microbiology, Center for Global Health, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Omics Sciences Laboratory, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo \u2013 Ecuador, Samborond\u00f3n, Ecuador;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/3\/article-p1045.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/3\/article-p1045.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:41:31Z","timestamp":1628728891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/3\/article-p1045.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1380","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]}}}