{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:52:45Z","timestamp":1787896365669,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Livestock production is a key element for poverty alleviation, food security, and economic growth in Rwanda. In 2017, the national average milk production per cow was about 2.5 L per day; in 2020\u20132021, it is projected to increase to 3.5 L per day if improvement interventions including those designed to reduce the burden of brucellosis in cattle are implemented. The objective of the study reported here was to estimate the seroprevalence of and identify risk factors associated with dairy farms and cattle classified as seropositive to <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. in three different agroecological zones in Rwanda. Most study farms (40\/85 or 47%) had one head of cattle only. Using the Rose Bengal test, the seroprevalence of brucellosis was 28\/85 or 33% (95% CI = 24%, 43%) at the farm level and 63\/465 or 14% (95% CI = 11%, 17%) at the animal level. Using logistic regression, at the farm level, the presence of seropositive cattle was associated with herd size (2\u201345 cattle, odds ratio = 21.2; 95% CI = 2.4, 184.5) (46\u2013220 cattle, OR = 288.5; 95% CI = 24.3, 3,423.1) compared to farms with one animal, after controlling for main breed (local breeds, crossbreeds) on the farm. In addition, the odds of testing seropositive were 10.7 (95% CI = 2.3, 49.1) and 149.5 (95% CI = 19.3, 1,158.7) times higher in farms in Nyabihu district and Nyagatare district, respectively, than in farms in Muhanga district, after controlling for main breed on the farm. The odds of seropositivity to <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. were 2.8 times higher in farms with mostly local breeds, than in those with mostly crossbreeds; but the association was confounded by herd size and geographic location. At the animal level, the odds of seropositivity to <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. were 2.6 times higher in adult cattle than in young cattle (95% CI = 1.1, 6.3). Finally, we observed a high frequency of adult cattle (86%) and a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in adult cattle (25%) in Nyagatare; an indication that, in the absence of culling and other control measures, <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. infection pressure can be relatively constant and a steady source of disease transmission in pastoral systems in that district.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T07:00:46Z","timestamp":1611644446000},"page":"1241-1246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors Associated with Exposure to Brucella Spp. in Dairy Cattle in Three Different Agroecological Zones in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Kiiza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Heifer Project International, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"2Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savino","family":"Biryomumaisho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"},{"name":"6University of Florida\u2019s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems, Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/4\/article-p1241.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/4\/article-p1241.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T12:34:27Z","timestamp":1617798867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/4\/article-p1241.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1426","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]}}}