{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:13:37Z","timestamp":1782929617499,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The impact of temperature and rainfall on the occurrence of typhoid\/paratyphoid fever are not fully understood. This study aimed to characterize the effect of daily ambient temperature and total rainfall on the incidence of typhoid\/paratyphoid in a sub-tropical climate city of China and to identify the vulnerable groups for disease prevention. Daily notified typhoid\/paratyphoid fever cases and meteorological data for Taizhou from 2005 to 2013 were extracted from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and the Meteorological Data Sharing Service System, respectively. Distributed lag nonlinear model was used to quantify the association between daily mean temperature, total rainfall, and typhoid\/paratyphoid fever. Subgroup analyses by gender, age, and occupation were conducted to identify the vulnerable groups. A total of 625 typhoid fever cases and 1,353 paratyphoid fever cases were reported during the study period. An increased risk of typhoid fever was detected with the increase of temperature (Each 2\u00b0C rise resulted in 6%, 95% [confidence interval] CI: 2\u201310% increase in typhoid cases), while the increased risk was associated with the higher temperature for paratyphoid (the highest cumulative risk of temperature was 33.40 [95% CI: 12.23\u201391.19] at 33\u00b0C). After the onset of mild precipitation, the relative risk of typhoid fever increased in a short-lasting and with a 13\u201326 days delay, and the risk was no significant after the continuous increase of precipitation (the highest cumulative risk of rainfall was 24.96 [95% CI: 4.54\u201387.21] at 100 mm). Whereas the risk of paratyphoid fever was immediate and long lasting, and increase rapidly with the increase of rainfall (each 100 mm increase was associated with 26% increase in paratyphoid fever cases). Significant temperature-typhoid\/paratyphoid fever and rainfall-typhoid\/paratyphoid fever associations were found in both genders and those aged 0\u20134 years old, 15\u201360 years old, farmers, and children. Characterized with a lagged, nonlinear, and cumulative effect, high temperature and rainfall could increase the risk of typhoid\/paratyphoid fever in regions with a subtropical climate. Public health interventions such as early warning and community health education should be taken to prevent the increased risk of typhoid\/paratyphoid fever, especially for the vulnerable groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T20:32:18Z","timestamp":1638822738000},"page":"532-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impact of Temperature and Rainfall on Typhoid\/Paratyphoid Fever in Taizhou, China: Effect Estimation and Vulnerable Group Identification"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China;"},{"name":"2Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhidong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Personnel, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;"},{"name":"5School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6School of Public Health, China Studies Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Xiaoliang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China;"},{"name":"9State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baofa","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China;"},{"name":"2Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p532.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p532.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T14:57:54Z","timestamp":1643813874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p532.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1457","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]}}}