{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:05:00Z","timestamp":1787285100618,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sickle cell trait (SCT) carriers inherit one copy of the Glu6Val mutation in the hemoglobin gene and is particularly common in Black individuals (5\u201310%). Considering the roles of hemoglobin in immune responses and the higher risk for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among Black individuals, we tested whether Black SCT carriers were at increased risk for COVID-19 infection and mortality according to the United Kingdom Biobank. Among Black individuals who were tested for COVID-19, we found similar infection rates among SCT carriers (14\/72; 19.7%) and noncarriers (167\/791; 21.1%), but higher COVID-19 mortality rates among SCT carriers (4\/14; 28.6%) than among noncarriers (21\/167; 12.6%) (odds ratio [OR], 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69\u201311.82;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.12). Notably, SCT carriers with preexisting diabetes had significantly higher COVID-19 mortality (4\/4; 100%) than those without diabetes (0\/10; 0%; (OR, 90.71; 95% CI, 5.66\u2013infinite;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0005). These findings suggest that Black SCT carriers with preexisting diabetes are at disproportionally higher risk for COVID-19 mortality. Confirmation by larger studies is warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T14:06:50Z","timestamp":1623766010000},"page":"368-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association of Sickle Cell Trait with Risk and Mortality of COVID-19: Results from the United Kingdom Biobank"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"W. Kyle","family":"Resurreccion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Hulsizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Lake Forest Academy, Lake Forest, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuqing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Hsiung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Lilly","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clay","family":"Struve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3CSS LLC, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Helfand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"},{"name":"4Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janardan","family":"Khandekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Center for Molecular Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Billings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois"},{"name":"7Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Caplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Department of Pediatrics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois;"},{"name":"4Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/2\/article-p368.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/2\/article-p368.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T14:17:38Z","timestamp":1628864258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/2\/article-p368.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1657","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.02.20145359","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]}}}