{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:57:36Z","timestamp":1789181856700,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Trop Med Hyg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Since 1980, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has reemerged as a public health problem in lowland Nepal. We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors. In univariate analyses among 84 cases and 105 controls, protective factors included sleeping on a bed or cot (Odds ratio [OR] 0.44, P &lt; 0.01) and sleeping under a bed-net regularly (OR 0.23, P &lt; 0.001) or in the warm months (OR 0.20, P &lt; 0.001). The bed-nets in use in this region were commercially available and untreated with insecticide. Ownership of a cow or buffalo was protective (OR 0.34, P &lt; 0.001), whereas dampness observed in the mud floor of the house was a strong risk factor (OR 4.0, P &lt; 0.001). In multivariable models, bed-net usage, cow or buffalo ownership, and damp floors were significantly associated with altered risk. A program to increase bed-net usage could therefore decrease the incidence of VL in Nepal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T18:03:56Z","timestamp":1494439436000},"page":"184-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective."],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Bern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A B","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S N","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M L","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Hightower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G D","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M B","family":"Bista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/63\/3\/article-p184.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/63\/3\/article-p184.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/63\/3\/article-p184.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T10:37:08Z","timestamp":1725446228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/63\/3\/article-p184.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]}}}