{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:51:21Z","timestamp":1761490281594},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Trop Med Hyg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Experimental infection of non-human primates with simian malaria parasites offers a controlled system to study malarial immunity. Plasmodium cynomolgi (P. vivax-like) and P. knowlesi (P. falciparum-like) infections in the rhesus monkey were used as a model to test the hypothesis that initial acute infection stimulates type 1\/pro-inflammatory cytokine expression followed by a gradual type 2\/anti-inflammatory response upon re-infection. This study analyzed cytokine gene expression (interleukin-12, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha = type 1; interleukin-4, interleukin-10 = type 2) using a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in monkeys infected with each of the parasites (three per group). Clinicoparasitologic and serologic parameters were also monitored. Monkeys were re-infected to assess whether enhanced immunity could increase parasite clearance. The immune response to P. cynomolgi infection in rhesus monkeys seemed to be mediated by anti-parasite, pro-inflammatory responses during primary infection with a transition to protective type 2 responses after repeat infection. The immune responses to P. knowlesi infection were more varied. Anti-inflammatory responses were more prevalent during primary infection. Repeat infection stimulated a wide variety of responses; most included expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a cytokine that has been associated with inflammatory and host-destructive effects (weight loss, fever, anemia). These observations further confirmed that the simian malaria\/rhesus monkey model is well suited for studies on the regulation of immunity to acute Plasmodium infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T16:54:05Z","timestamp":1494435245000},"page":"586-596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cytokine responses during acute simian Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium knowlesi infections."],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Anita D","family":"Praba-Egge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank B","family":"Cogswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terryl","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/67\/6\/article-p586.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/67\/6\/article-p586.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/67\/6\/article-p586.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T09:00:47Z","timestamp":1725440447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/67\/6\/article-p586.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.586","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}}}