{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:45:56Z","timestamp":1793195156695,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Trop Med Hyg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is sensitive and specific in urine and stool. We sought to explore the relationship between genital schistosomiasis and the <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> PCR in women. PCR was run on 83 vaginal lavage samples from a rural Zimbabwean population. Women underwent clinical and colposcopic investigations, analyses for sexually transmitted infections, and genital schistosomiasis. Thirty samples were positive for <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> PCR: 12 were strong and 18 were weak positive. Sensitivity (67%) and specificity (83%) were best in women below the age of 25 years. A positive schistosome PCR result was associated with <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> ova in genital tissue, so-called sandy patches, and bleeding. Prevalence determined by PCR were lower and real-time PCR values were weaker in older women. The presence of <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> DNA may be greater in the recent lesions (e.g., in younger women). For diagnosis in rural areas and in large studies, <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> PCR could become a supplement to gynecologic examinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]],"date-time":"2009-12-08T22:29:10Z","timestamp":1260311350000},"page":"1050-1055","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Schistosomiasis PCR in Vaginal Lavage as an Indicator of Genital Schistosoma haematobium Infection in Rural Zimbabwean Women"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Eyrun Floerecke","family":"Kjetland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Jan Ten","family":"Hove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Exenevia","family":"Gomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Midzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovemore","family":"Gwanzura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Friis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaco J.","family":"Verweij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svein Gunnar","family":"Gundersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia D.","family":"Ndhlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"Van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute for Health Research (formerly Blair Research Institute), Harare, Zimbabwe; International Nutrition and Health Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","year":"2002"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"797","volume":"83","year":"1989"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"782","volume":"59","year":"1998"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"311","volume":"72","year":"2005"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"369","volume":"5275","year":"1962"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Trop Med Int 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