{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:35:26Z","timestamp":1793151326207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Trop Med Hyg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the role of migratory birds in the dissemination of West Nile virus (WNV), we measured the prevalence of infectious WNV and specific WNV neutralizing antibodies in birds, principally Passeriformes, during spring and fall migrations in the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways from 2001\u20132003. Blood samples were obtained from 13,403 birds, representing 133 species. Specific WNV neutralizing antibody was detected in 254 resident and migratory birds, representing 39 species, and was most commonly detected in northern cardinals (<jats:italic>Cardinalis cardinalis<\/jats:italic>) (9.8%, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 762) and gray catbirds (<jats:italic>Dumetella carolinensis<\/jats:italic>) (3.2%, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 3188). West Nile virus viremias were detected in 19 birds, including 8 gray catbirds, and only during the fall migratory period. These results provide additional evidence that migratory birds may have been a principal agent for the spread of WNV in North America and provide data on the occurrence of WNV in a variety of bird species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]],"date-time":"2009-12-08T22:29:10Z","timestamp":1260311350000},"page":"1151-1158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Prevalence of West Nile Virus in Migratory Birds during Spring and Fall Migration"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Dusek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; United States Geological Survey, Eastern Region Geography, Reston, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; United States Geological Survey, Eastern Region Geography, Reston, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; United States Geological Survey, Eastern Region Geography, Reston, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya R.","family":"Ubico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; United States Geological Survey, Eastern Region Geography, Reston, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan P.","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; United States Geological Survey, Eastern Region Geography, Reston, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Ebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; United States Geological Survey, Eastern Region Geography, Reston, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Guptill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; United States Geological Survey, Eastern Region Geography, Reston, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Microbes Infect","first-page":"223","volume":"3","year":"2001"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"730","volume":"7","year":"2001"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"141","volume":"69","year":"2003"},{"key":"R4","year":"2002"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"61","volume":"4","year":"2004"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1369","volume":"10","year":"2004"},{"key":"R7","year":"2004"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Can J Infect Dis","first-page":"105","volume":"14","year":"2003"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"860","volume":"9","year":"2003"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"3","volume":"4","year":"2004"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Adv Virus Res","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61005-5","volume":"61","year":"2003"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"54","volume":"951","year":"2001"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"710","volume":"447","year":"2007"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"27","volume":"3","year":"2003"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Clin Med Res","first-page":"5","volume":"1","year":"2003"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"319","volume":"6","year":"2000"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"191","volume":"1","year":"2001"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1299","volume":"9","year":"2003"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"392","volume":"8","year":"2002"},{"key":"R20","year":"1997"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"493","volume":"71","year":"2004"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"979","volume":"8","year":"2002"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"503","volume":"4","year":"1976"},{"key":"R24","year":"2007"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Ecol Appl","first-page":"154","volume":"17","year":"2007"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Anim Biodivers Conserv","first-page":"133","volume":"27","year":"2004"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1031","volume":"73","year":"2005"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"EcoHealth","first-page":"79","volume":"3","year":"2006"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"468","volume":"12","year":"2006"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1088","volume":"43","year":"2006"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"365","volume":"7","year":"2007"},{"key":"R32","year":"1999"},{"key":"R33","year":"1995"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"57","volume":"6","year":"2006"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1649","volume":"10","year":"2004"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1120","volume":"10","year":"2004"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Ornithol Monogr","first-page":"79","volume":"60","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/81\/6\/article-p1151.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/81\/6\/article-p1151.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/81\/6\/article-p1151.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T14:52:45Z","timestamp":1725288765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/81\/6\/article-p1151.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}