{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:05:32Z","timestamp":1790406332986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Trop Med Hyg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We performed serum testing for IgG antibodies against <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> (phase I and phase II) and analyzed questionnaire data from 4,437 adults \u2265 20 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132004 survey cycle. National Q fever seroprevalence was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by using immunofluorescent antibody testing. Overall seroprevalence for <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> was 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1\u20134.3%) among 4,437 adults \u2265 20 years of age. <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> age-adjusted antibody prevalence was higher for men than for women (3.8%, 95% CI = 2.7\u20135.2% versus 2.5%, 95% CI = 1.5\u20133.7%, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Mexican Americans had a significantly higher antibody prevalence (7.4%, 95% CI = 6.6\u20138.3%) than either non-Hispanic whites (2.8%, 95% CI = 1.7\u20134.3%) or non-Hispanic blacks (1.3%, 95% CI = 0.6\u20132.5%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the risk for Q fever antibody positivity increased with age and was higher among persons who were foreign-born, male, and living in poverty. These findings indicate that the national seroprevalence of Q fever in the United States is higher than expected on the basis of case numbers reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from state health departments. Potential differences in risk for exposure by race\/ethnicity warrant further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,9]],"date-time":"2009-10-09T17:32:47Z","timestamp":1255109567000},"page":"691-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Seroprevalence of Q Fever in the United States, 2003\u20132004"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Alicia D.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Kruszon-Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda D.","family":"Loftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"McQuillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Priestley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Candee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Massung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"281","volume":"2","year":"1937"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"36","volume":"75","year":"2006"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians","first-page":"98","volume":"69","year":"1956"},{"key":"R4","year":"1991"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1823","volume":"36","year":"1998"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"179","volume":"2","year":"2002"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"518","volume":"12","year":"1999"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"709","volume":"3","year":"2003"},{"key":"R9","year":"2006"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association","first-page":"339","year":"1993"},{"key":"R11","year":"1996"},{"key":"R12","year":"1996"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Surv Methodol","first-page":"193","volume":"24","year":"1998"},{"key":"R14","year":"2004"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"51","volume":"3","year":"1976"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"394","volume":"4","year":"1985"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"550","volume":"48","year":"2009"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"109","volume":"79","year":"2000"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"219","volume":"5","year":"2005"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"11","volume":"120","year":"2007"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1320","volume":"11","year":"2005"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"77","volume":"43","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/81\/4\/article-p691.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/81\/4\/article-p691.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/81\/4\/article-p691.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T14:48:23Z","timestamp":1725288503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/81\/4\/article-p691.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}}}