{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:50:12Z","timestamp":1792245012866,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The biodiversity of potential leptospiral reservoir hosts is lower in urban than in rural environments. Previous data indicate the potential for bats to act as carriers of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> in regions such as the Amazon of South America and in Australia. Yet, little is known about the contribution of bats to leptospirosis in urban environments in South America. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that bats infected with <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> are sources of leptospirosis transmission to humans in S\u00e3o Paulo City, Brazil. Six of 343 bats caught in different districts within the city of Sao Paulo (182 insectivorous, 161 frugivorous or nectarivorous) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira;<\/jats:italic> no seropositive bats were found. That few renal carriers of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> were found in the city of Sao Paulo suggests that bats are not important in the transmission of leptospirosis to humans in this, and possibly other urban settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,5]],"date-time":"2010-02-05T01:22:23Z","timestamp":1265332943000},"page":"315-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The Contribution of Bats to Leptospirosis Transmission in S\u00e3o Paulo City, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Thirsa \u00c1lvares","family":"Franco Bessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Spichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rica G.","family":"Berardis Chapola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred Christian","family":"Husch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilene","family":"Fernandes de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Martos","family":"Sodr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa S. M.","family":"Mouriz Savani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora R.","family":"Veiga Sacramento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Control Center, S\u00e3o Paulo City-COVISA-SMS-PMSP, Brazil; Institute of Infectology Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Genomic Engenharia Molecular, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"757","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1559","article-title":"Using death certificate reports to find severe leptospirosis cases, Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Spichler","year":"2007"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"376","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"18","author":"McBride","year":"2005"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"911","article-title":"Predictors of lethality in severe leptospirosis in urban Brazil","volume":"79","author":"Spichler","year":"2008"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"296","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"255","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region","volume":"63","author":"Bunnell","year":"2000"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"964","article-title":"Diversity of bat-associated Leptospira in the Peruvian Amazon inferred by Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences","volume":"73","author":"Matthias","year":"2005"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"753","article-title":"Flying foxes as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species","volume":"41","author":"Cox","year":"2005"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"182","article-title":"Leptospiral antibodies in flying foxes in Australia","volume":"38","author":"Smythe","year":"2002"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1697","article-title":"Molecular diversity of rabies viruses associated with bats in Mexico and other countries of the Americas","volume":"44","author":"Velasco-Villa","year":"2006"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"914","article-title":"Environmental conditions favoring bat infection with histoplasma capsulatum in Mexican shelters","volume":"61","author":"Taylor","year":"1999"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Roosting Ecology of Bats","first-page":"1","author":"Kunz","year":"1982"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Sao Jose do Rio Prieto","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chave para a determinacao de quiropteros brasileiros. 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