{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:50:15Z","timestamp":1790866215654,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Larviciding to control malaria was assessed in rural areas with extensive seasonal flooding. Larval and adult mosquitoes and malaria incidence were surveyed routinely in four 100-km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> areas either side of the Gambia River. Baseline data were collected in 2005. Microbial larvicide was applied to all water bodies by hand application with water-dispersible granular formulations and corn granules weekly from May to November in two areas in 2006 and in the other two areas in 2007 in a cross-over design. The intervention was associated with a reduction in habitats with late stage anopheline larvae and an 88% reduction in larval densities (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The effect of the intervention on mosquito densities was not pronounced and was confounded by the distance of villages to the major breeding sites and year (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). There was no reduction in clinical malaria or anemia. Ground applications of non-residual larvicides with simple equipment are not effective in riverine areas with extensive flooding, where many habitats are poorly demarcated, highly mobile, and inaccessible on foot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,5]],"date-time":"2010-02-05T01:22:23Z","timestamp":1265332943000},"page":"176-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Is Mosquito Larval Source Management Appropriate for Reducing Malaria in Areas of Extensive Flooding in The Gambia? A Cross-over Intervention Trial"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Silas","family":"Majambere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Pinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Fillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jeffries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Jawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Milligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Global Strategic Framework for Integrated Vector Management","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"177","article-title":"WHO position statement on integrated vector management","volume":"20","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"230","article-title":"Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato","volume":"77","author":"Chandre","year":"1999"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"985","article-title":"Evidence for selection of insecticide resistance due to insensitive acetylcholinesterase by carbamate-treated nets in Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"40","author":"Corbel","year":"2003"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"8","article-title":"Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage","volume":"1","author":"Killeen","year":"2002"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1633","article-title":"A new global malaria eradication strategy","volume":"371","author":"Feachem","year":"2008"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"World Malaria Report 2008","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"118","article-title":"Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control","volume":"71","author":"Keiser","year":"2004"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"2","article-title":"Contributions of Anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical Africa: review of achievements and potential","volume":"21","author":"Walker","year":"2007"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e5107","article-title":"Integrated malaria control incorporating microbial larvicides in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania","volume":"4","author":"Geissb\u00fchler","year":"2009"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Fillinger","year":"2006"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"251","article-title":"Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing Anopheles larvae in Eritrea","volume":"19","author":"Shililu","year":"2003"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"655","article-title":"Integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide treated nets in the western Kenyan highlands: a pilot study","volume":"87","author":"Fillinger","year":"2009"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Mosquito larval habitats in a semiarid ecosystem in Eritrea: impact of larval habitat management on Anopheles arabiensis population","volume":"76","author":"Shilulu","year":"2007"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"19","article-title":"Spatial distribution of mosquito larvae and the potential for targeted larval control in The Gambia","volume":"79","author":"Majambere","year":"2008"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"20","article-title":"A tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Program in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"Fillinger","year":"2008"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Bull Entomol Res","first-page":"279","article-title":"Localized breeding of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) along the River Gambia, West Africa","volume":"93","author":"B\u00f8gh","year":"2003"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"45","article-title":"Impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors","volume":"87","author":"Lindsay","year":"1993"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"76","article-title":"Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia","volume":"6","author":"Majambere","year":"2007"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in a rural Kenyan town","volume":"11","author":"Fillinger","year":"2006"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e5107","article-title":"Microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"4","author":"Geissb\u00fchler","year":"2009"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"477","article-title":"Pyrethroid-treated bednet effects on mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia","volume":"5","author":"Lindsay","year":"1991"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"875","article-title":"High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in The Gambia, west Africa, using LANDSATTM satellite imagery","volume":"76","author":"B\u00f8gh","year":"2007"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"76","article-title":"Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia","volume":"6","author":"Majambere","year":"2007"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"520","article-title":"Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"49","author":"Scott","year":"1993"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"783","article-title":"Identification of Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes by a double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"33","author":"Burkot","year":"1984"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"520","article-title":"Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"49","author":"Scott","year":"1993"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"998","article-title":"Effect of two different house screening interventions on exposure to malaria vectors and on anaemia in children in The Gambia: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Kirby","year":"2009"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis","volume":"372","author":"Ceesay","year":"2008"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"499","article-title":"Risk of malaria attacks in Gambian children is greater away from malaria vector breeding sites","volume":"96","author":"Clarke","year":"2002"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"875","article-title":"High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in The Gambia, West Africa, using LANDSATTM satellite imagery","volume":"76","author":"B\u00f8gh","year":"2007"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"62","article-title":"Identifying the most productive breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes in The Gambia","volume":"8","author":"Fillinger","year":"2009"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Riv Malariol","first-page":"245","article-title":"Tides, salinity and the breeding of Anopheles melas (Theobald, 1903) during the dry season in The Gambia","volume":"43","author":"Giglioli","year":"1964"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"105","article-title":"Anopheles gambiae complex egg-stage survival in dry soil from larval development sites in western Kenya","volume":"6","author":"Beier","year":"1990"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"147","article-title":"Mosquito control in Dar es Salaam. II. Impact of expanded polystyrene beads and pyriproxyfen treatment of breeding sites on Culex quinquefasciatus densities","volume":"9","author":"Chavasse","year":"1995"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"655","article-title":"Integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide-treated nets in western Kenya: a controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Fillinger","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/82\/2\/article-p176.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/82\/2\/article-p176.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/82\/2\/article-p176.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T15:48:41Z","timestamp":1725292121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/82\/2\/article-p176.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0373","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}}}