{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T16:40:02Z","timestamp":1725295202863},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A high-level pyrimethamine resistance <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> lineage with triple dihydrofolate reductase (<jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>) mutations prevails across Africa. However, additional minority lineages were seen. We examined transmission success of mutant <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic> haplotypes among 22 children in The Gambia and 60 infected <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes fed on their blood. Additional polymorphic genes of the gametocyte-specific protein (<jats:italic>pfg377<\/jats:italic>) and merozoite surface protein-1 (<jats:italic>MSP-1<\/jats:italic>) were examined. Similarities were seen between <jats:italic>pfg377<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>MSP-1<\/jats:italic> alleles in children and mosquitoes and evidence of cross-mating between different parasite genotypes was seen in some infected mosquitoes, reflecting high transmission success of existing clones. With regard to <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>, 16 haplotypes were seen among the children: 2 carried double mutations and 14 carried triple mutations. However, only nine haplotypes, all with triple mutations, were detected among mosquitoes. A single triple-mutant <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic> haplotype, similar to that in other countries in Africa, predominated among children (42%) and mosquitoes (60%), supporting the hypothesis of migration of this haplotype across Africa. However, evidence of cross-mating between the above haplotypes signifies the role of local evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,26]],"date-time":"2010-03-26T23:33:07Z","timestamp":1269646387000},"page":"535-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transmission and Cross-Mating of High-Level Resistance Plasmodium falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase Haplotypes in The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Amani","family":"Kheir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alk-Khjod, Oman; Medical Research Council, Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Nwakanma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alk-Khjod, Oman; Medical Research Council, Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Al-Gazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alk-Khjod, Oman; Medical Research Council, Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yagut","family":"Akbarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alk-Khjod, Oman; Medical Research Council, Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Al-Saai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alk-Khjod, Oman; Medical Research Council, Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6te","family":"Swedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alk-Khjod, Oman; Medical Research Council, Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamza A.","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alk-Khjod, Oman; Medical Research Council, Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"188","article-title":"The evolution of multiple drug resistance in malaria parasites","volume":"92","author":"Mackinnon","year":"1998"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1590","article-title":"Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance","volume":"176","author":"Plowe","year":"1997"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1590","article-title":"Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance","volume":"176","author":"Plowe","year":"1997"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1429","article-title":"In vivo selection for a specific genotype of dihydropteroate synthetase of Plasmodium falciparum by pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine but not chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment","volume":"177","author":"Curtis","year":"1998"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"19914","article-title":"Competitive release and facilitation of drug-resistant parasites after therapeutic chemotherapy in a rodent malaria model","volume":"104","author":"Wargo","year":"2007"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"PLoS Clin Trials","first-page":"e15","article-title":"Chloroquine\/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for Gambian children with malaria: transmission to mosquitoes of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"1","author":"Hallett","year":"2006"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"320","article-title":"Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"418","author":"Wootton","year":"2002"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"999","article-title":"Origin and dissemination of Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistance mutations in South America","volume":"186","author":"Cortese","year":"2002"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"1526","article-title":"A selective sweep driven by pyrimethamine treatment in southeast Asian malaria parasites","volume":"20","author":"Nair","year":"2003"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1174","article-title":"Antifolate antimalarial resistance in southeast Africa: a population-based analysis","volume":"361","author":"Roper","year":"2003"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"189","article-title":"Antifolate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: multiple origins and identification of novel dhfr alleles","volume":"194","author":"McCollum","year":"2006"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"4089","article-title":"Hitchhiking and selective sweeps of Plasmodium falciparum sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine resistance alleles in a population from central Africa","volume":"52","author":"McCollum","year":"2008"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"165","article-title":"A shared Asian origin of the triple-mutant dhfr allele in Plasmodium falciparum from sites across Africa","volume":"196","author":"Ma\u00efga","year":"2007"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"106","article-title":"Defining the origin of Plasmodium falciparum resistant dhfr isolates in Senegal","volume":"99","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2006"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1743","article-title":"Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr haplotypes that confer pyrimethamine resistance Kilifi, Kenya, 1987\u20132006","volume":"197","author":"Certain","year":"2008"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Artesunate reduces but does not prevent post-treatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae","volume":"183","author":"Targett","year":"2001"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e92","article-title":"Reduction of malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes with a six-dose regimen of coartemether","volume":"2","author":"Sutherland","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(Suppl 2)","key":"R18","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"3","article-title":"A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. 1. 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