{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:57:34Z","timestamp":1773813454085,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sharing latrines is common in sub-Saharan Africa with anecdotal accounts suggesting a link between water-, sanitation-, and hygiene-related disease and poorly maintained communal latrines. This study examines this link by assessing the association between shared latrines compared with private latrines and risk of trachoma. In 2007, as part of a larger case-control study, we conducted a sub-study on latrine sharing in 594 households (92 cases, 502 controls) in seven rural Tanzanian communities. Case households were defined by having a child with clinical signs of trachoma. Latrine use was associated with a decreased risk of trachoma and there was no difference in risk between households using shared compared with private latrines (adjusted odds ratio = 0.95 [95% confidence interval = 0.55\u20131.67]). This study emphasizes the need to promote latrine use, which can be facilitated through latrine sharing in resource scarce areas, for prevention of trachoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,26]],"date-time":"2010-03-26T23:33:07Z","timestamp":1269646387000},"page":"693-695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparing the Effectiveness of Shared versus Private Latrines in Preventing Trachoma in Rural Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Maggie A.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Environmental Engineering Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayur M.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Environmental Engineering Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menachem","family":"Elimelech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Environmental Engineering Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Environ Sci Technol","first-page":"16","article-title":"Water and sanitation in developing countries: including health in the equation","volume":"41","author":"Montgomery","year":"2007"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"844","article-title":"Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002","volume":"82","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2004"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1945","article-title":"Trachoma","volume":"371","author":"Wright","year":"2007"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"750","article-title":"Pesky trachoma suspect finally caught","volume":"88","author":"Miller","year":"2004"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"314","article-title":"Human and other faeces as breeding media of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens","volume":"15","author":"Emerson","year":"2001"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e229","article-title":"Associations between active trachoma and community intervention with antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement (A,F,E)","volume":"2","author":"Ngondi","year":"2008"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"120","article-title":"Active trachoma in children aged three to nine years in rural communities in Ethiopia: prevalence, indicators and risk factors","volume":"99","author":"Cumberland","year":"2005"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Progress on Drinking-water and Sanitation: special focus on sanitation","first-page":"1","author":"WHO\/UNICEF","year":"2008"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"913","article-title":"Mapping the global distribution of trachoma","volume":"83","author":"Polack","year":"2005"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"426","article-title":"Issues in defining and measuring facial cleanliness for national trachoma control programs","volume":"102","author":"Zack","year":"2008"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"477","article-title":"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Thylefors","year":"1987"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","article-title":"Assessment of latrine use and quality and association with risk of trachoma in rural Tanzania","author":"Montgomery","year":"2009"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Statistics","author":"McClave","year":"1997"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Social Marketing of Urban Sanitation","author":"Budds","year":"2002"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Rural Sanitation in Southern Africa: A Focus on Institutions and Actors","author":"Dondo","year":"2006"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Risk factors for active trachoma in The Gambia","volume":"102","author":"Harding-Esch","year":"2008"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Environ Eng Sci","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Increasing functional sustainability of water and sanitation supplies in rural sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"26","author":"Montgomery","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/82\/4\/article-p693.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/82\/4\/article-p693.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/82\/4\/article-p693.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T15:52:22Z","timestamp":1725292342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/82\/4\/article-p693.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0540","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}}}