{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:22:48Z","timestamp":1789384968981,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In Africa, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013associated extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is common and poses diagnostic difficulties. Ultrasound is useful to find suggestive signs such as effusions or abdominal lymphadenopathy. Because trained radiologists are scarce in resource-poor settings, even this simple and relatively inexpensive diagnostic tool is frequently unavailable to patients in district hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa. We developed a focused protocol for assessment with sonography for HIV\/TB and trained physicians in a rural district hospital in South Africa. In this pilot study, high levels of confidence in identifying specific signs were rapidly achieved and ultrasound was introduced into routine clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,5]],"date-time":"2010-03-05T18:59:46Z","timestamp":1267815586000},"page":"512-515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Short Course for Focused Assessment with Sonography for Human Immunodeficiency Virus\/Tuberculosis: Preliminary Results in a Rural Setting in South Africa with High Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Heller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Wallrauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Lessells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Goblirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Control: Epidemiology, Strategy, Financing: WHO Report 2009","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","first-page":"829","article-title":"Long-term outcome in patients registered with tuberculosis in Zomba, Malawi: mortality at 7 years according to initial HIV status and type of TB","volume":"8","author":"Kang'ombe","year":"2004"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment of Smear-Negative Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis among Adults and Adolescents. 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