{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T21:19:27Z","timestamp":1776719967970,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The study patients had a diagnosis of VL and were admitted to a tertiary hospital. A multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the risk factors for AKI. A total of 224 patients were included. The mean age was 36 \u00b1 15 years. AKI was observed in 33.9% of cases. Risk factors associated with AKI were male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03), advanced age (OR = 1.05; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and jaundice (OR = 2.9; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). There was an association between amphotericin B use and AKI (OR = 18.4; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001), whereas glucantime use was associated with lower incidence of AKI compared with amphotericin B use (OR = 0.05; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). Mortality was 13.3%, and it was higher in AKI patients (30.2%). Therefore, factors associated with AKI were male gender, advanced age, and jaundice. Amphotericin B was an important cause of AKI in VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,5]],"date-time":"2010-03-05T18:59:46Z","timestamp":1267815586000},"page":"449-453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar)"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Michelle J. C.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geraldo B.","family":"Silva J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krasnalhia L\u00edvia S.","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia A.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Valeska V.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz F. L. G.","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa M. S.","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre B.","family":"Lib\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth F.","family":"Daher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Walter Cant\u00eddio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Department of Statistics, Science Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1; Discipline of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"354","author":"Herwaldt","year":"1999"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant","first-page":"235","article-title":"Renal involvement in a patient with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"21","author":"Efstratiadis","year":"2006"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"494","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda","volume":"2","author":"Guerin","year":"2002"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Trop Dis","first-page":"527","article-title":"Impact of leishmaniasis on public health","volume":"12","author":"Camargo","year":"2006"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"151","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control","volume":"48","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2006"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Ghana Med J","first-page":"94","article-title":"A review of leishmaniasis in west Africa","volume":"39","author":"Boakye","year":"2005"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"217","article-title":"Involvement of the renal function in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)","volume":"36","author":"Salgado Filho","year":"2003"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Trop Doct","first-page":"180","article-title":"Severe adverse reactions to meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: a report of 13 cases in the southwestern region of Brazil","volume":"39","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Braz J Infect Dis","first-page":"329","article-title":"Clinical presentation and renal evaluation of human visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): a retrospective study of 57 patients in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Daher","year":"2008"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Travel Med","first-page":"358","article-title":"Acute renal failure due to visceral leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum successfully treated with a single high dose of liposomal amphotericin B","volume":"15","author":"Beltrame","year":"2008"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Nefrologia","first-page":"745","article-title":"Secondary amyloidosis with irreversible acute renal failure caused by visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with AIDS","volume":"26","author":"Navarro","year":"2006"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant","first-page":"1950","article-title":"Acute renal failure in leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"Rollino","year":"2003"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Kidney Int","first-page":"538","article-title":"The RIFLE criteria and mortality in acute kidney injury: a systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Ricci","year":"2008"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"J Nephrol","first-page":"430","article-title":"Evaluation of renal function in human visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): a prospective study of 50 patients from Brazil","volume":"20","author":"Lima Verde","year":"2007"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Nephron Clin Pract","first-page":"c188","article-title":"The epidemiology of severe acute kidney injury. 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