{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T03:31:35Z","timestamp":1784863895317,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance in Africa is increasing but insufficiently recognized as a public health problem. However, there are scarce data for antimicrobial resistance trends among bloodstream isolates in sub-Saharan Africa. Antimicrobial drug resistance trends among bacteria isolated from blood of children &lt; 15 years of age admitted to the Manhi\u00e7a District Hospital in Mozambique during May 2001\u2013April 2006 were monitored by disk diffusion. We documented a linear trend of increasing resistance throughout the study period to chloramphenicol among isolates of Non-typhi <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Increasing resistance to ampicillin was also observed for <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> isolates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). We report trends of increasing resistance among the most frequent etiologies of bacteremia to the most commonly used antibiotics for empirical therapy in this community. Quinolones and third-generation cephalosporines may be needed in the short term to manage community-acquired infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T16:25:01Z","timestamp":1278001501000},"page":"152-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Trends of Bacteremia Isolates in a Rural Hospital in Southern Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"In\u00e1cio","family":"Mandomando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betuel","family":"Siga\u00faque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateu","family":"Espasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Vall\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahit","family":"Sacarlal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eus\u00e9bio","family":"Macete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Aide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloren\u00e7","family":"Quint\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tacilta","family":"Nhampossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Machevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quique","family":"Bassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Men\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1147","article-title":"WHO estimates of the causes of death in children","volume":"365","author":"Bryce","year":"2005"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"39","article-title":"Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya","volume":"352","author":"Berkley","year":"2005"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"108","article-title":"Community-acquired bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Mozambique","volume":"28","author":"Sigauque","year":"2009"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"160","article-title":"Bacteraemia among severely malnourished children infected and uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"6","author":"Bachou","year":"2006"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"312","article-title":"Bacteremia in febrile Malawian children: clinical and microbiologic features","volume":"19","author":"Walsh","year":"2000"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"180","article-title":"Community-acquired bacteremia among hospitalized children in rural central Africa","volume":"5","author":"Bahwere","year":"2001"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"43","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance predicts death in Tanzanian children with bloodstream infections: a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Blomberg","year":"2007"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"38","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal salmonellae, Kenya, 1994\u20132003","volume":"25","author":"Kariuki","year":"2005"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"232","article-title":"Invasive Gram-negative bacilli are frequently resistant to standard antibiotics for children admitted to hospital in Kilifi, Kenya","volume":"56","author":"Bejon","year":"2005"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"963","article-title":"Epidemics of invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica Serovar Typhimurium infection associated with multidrug resistance among adults and children in Malawi","volume":"46","author":"Gordon","year":"2008"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"3021","article-title":"Progressive increase in antimicrobial resistance among invasive isolates of Haemophilus influenzae obtained from children admitted to a hospital in Kilifi, Kenya, from 1994 to 2002","volume":"49","author":"Scott","year":"2005"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"2450","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance in Shigella and Salmonella isolates from children under five years of age with diarrhea in rural Mozambique","volume":"53","author":"Mandomando","year":"2009"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"918","article-title":"Alonso, 2008. Detection of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 in Mozambique","volume":"79","author":"Ruiz"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"J Am Board Fam Med","first-page":"533","article-title":"The role of poverty in antimicrobial resistance","volume":"20","author":"Planta","year":"2007"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"647","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries","volume":"317","author":"Hart","year":"1998"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"358","article-title":"Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive and nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in rural Mozambique","volume":"11","author":"Valles","year":"2006"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"21","article-title":"Acute bacterial meningitis among children, in Manhica, a rural area in Southern Mozambique","volume":"105","author":"Sigauque","year":"2008"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"New Microbiol","first-page":"327","article-title":"Sporadic methicillin resistance in community acquired Staphylococcus aureus in Mozambique","volume":"28","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2005"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"818","article-title":"Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in children less than 5 years of age in Manhica, a rural area of southern Mozambique","volume":"13","author":"Roca","year":"2008"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Manhi\u00e7a DSS, Mozambique. Population and Health in Developing Countries","first-page":"189","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Alonso","year":"2002"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests","first-page":"M2","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI)","year":"2006"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection","volume":"51","author":"Ruiz","year":"2003"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"257","article-title":"High prevalence of nalidixic acid resistant, ciprofloxacin susceptible phenotype among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"42","author":"Ruiz","year":"2002"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"419","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities of blood culture isolates obtained before and after the introduction of ciprofloxacin","volume":"39","author":"Pieroni","year":"1997"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Pediatr Ann","first-page":"336","article-title":"Pediatric uses of fluoroquinolone antibiotics","volume":"36","author":"Murray","year":"2007"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"267","article-title":"Non-typhoidal salmonellae: a management challenge for children with community-acquired invasive disease in tropical African countries","volume":"373","author":"Graham","year":"2009"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"291","article-title":"Levels and trends of demographic indices in southern rural Mozambique: evidence from demographic surveillance in Manhi\u00e7a district","volume":"6","author":"Nhacolo","year":"2006"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"40","article-title":"High incidence of antimicrobial resistant organisms including extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasopharyngeal and blood isolates of HIV-infected children from Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Cotton","year":"2008"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"125","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and characterization of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Shitu","year":"2006"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"S Afr Med J","first-page":"273","article-title":"the National Antibiotic Surveillance Forum, 2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of selected bacteraemic pathogens from private institutions in South Africa","volume":"97","author":"Brink"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med","first-page":"99","article-title":"Study of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"11","author":"Mulla","year":"2007"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"827","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O1 outbreak isolates in Mozambique and South Africa in 1998 are multiple-drug resistant, contain the SXT element and the aadA2 gene located on class 1 integrons","volume":"48","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/1\/article-p152.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/1\/article-p152.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/1\/article-p152.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T15:57:30Z","timestamp":1725292650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/1\/article-p152.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0578","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}