{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:41:50Z","timestamp":1782884510861,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzed the effectiveness of active case detection (ACD) for new visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. ACD detection was carried out using house to house screening in Bangladesh and India and by neighborhood screening around index cases in Nepal. The percent increase of new VL cases through ACD compared to PCD was 6.7\u201317.1% in India; 38.8% in Nepal; and 60% in Bangladesh. The screening effort was high in India and Bangladesh (house to house screening) compared to Nepal (index case screening). The additional cost per new VL case detected varied: $50 to $106 in India; $172 in Bangladesh; $262 in Nepal depending on the type of screening staff, transport and training costs. The estimated annual VL incidence in the ACD arm ranged from 315\u2013383 in India; 109 in Bangladesh, and 43 per 100,000 in Nepal. The additional effort and cost rises as disease incidence declines or PCD improves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T17:27:59Z","timestamp":1283362079000},"page":"507-511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Effectiveness and Feasibility of Active and Passive Case Detection in the Visceral Leishmaniasis Elimination Initiative in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Siddhivinayak","family":"Hirve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shri Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megha Raj","family":"Banjara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Kroeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beena","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandreshwar Prasad","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Mamun","family":"Huda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Report of the first meeting, Manesar, Haryana, 20\u201323 December 2004","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005\u20132015)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"275","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control","volume":"23","author":"Bern","year":"2006"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Vector Borne Dis","first-page":"105","article-title":"Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia?","volume":"45","author":"Joshi","year":"2008"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control","volume":"14","author":"Desjeux","year":"1996"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"899","article-title":"Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2006"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"591","article-title":"Phase 4 trial of miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"196","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2007"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R8","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"S26","article-title":"Oral miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"100","author":"Sundar","year":"2006"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"26","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis\u2013therapeutic modilities","volume":"9","author":"Sundar","year":"2006"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"563","article-title":"Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"351","author":"Sundar","year":"1998"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Immunochromatographic striptest detection of anti-rK39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"96","author":"Sundar","year":"2002"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Mymensingh Med J","first-page":"93","article-title":"Immunochromatographic (rK39) strip test in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"Sarker","year":"2003"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"153","article-title":"Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal","volume":"65","author":"Bern","year":"2000"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Regional Technical Advisory Group on kala-azar elimination. Report of the Second Meeting, Kathmandu, Nepal, 20 October\u20132 November 2006","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"2","article-title":"Implementation research to support the initiative on the elimination of kala-azar from Bangladesh, India and Nepal\u2013the challenges for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Sundar","year":"2008"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e355","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis elimination program in India, Bangladesh and Nepal: reshaping the case finding\/case management strategy","volume":"3","author":"Mondal","year":"2009"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"723","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rk39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"333","author":"Chappuis","year":"2006"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Principles and practice of screening for disease","author":"Wilson","year":"1968"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"9","article-title":"Leprosy elimination campaigns: impact on case detection","volume":"78","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Ind Med Gaz","first-page":"249","article-title":"A clinical study of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"63","author":"Napier","year":"1930"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"391","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of Bihar kala-azar (including post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis)","volume":"78","author":"Thakur","year":"1984"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/3\/article-p507.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/3\/article-p507.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/3\/article-p507.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T16:14:24Z","timestamp":1725293664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/3\/article-p507.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0685","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}