{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:39:16Z","timestamp":1792640356125,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by infection with sub-species of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. b.<\/jats:italic>), manifests as a hemolymphatic stage followed by an encephalitic stage. The distinction of the two stages needs improvement as drugs used for the late stage are highly toxic. Transcripts encoding 16 secreted proteins differentially expressed in the brains of mice at late stage <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> infection when the early stage drug suramin is no longer effective and different to immunoglobulins, chemokines, and cytokines, were selected by microarray analysis. Lipocalin 2 and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) mRNA showed the highest differential expression in mice. These transcripts were also upregulated in brains from infected rats. Lipocalin 2 was increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from rats during late stage <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> infection. Protein levels of lipocalin 2, SLPI, and the chemokine CXCL10 were found increased in CSF from <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> late stage HAT compared to early stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,2]],"date-time":"2010-06-02T19:04:52Z","timestamp":1275505492000},"page":"983-990","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Identification of Stage Biomarkers for Human African Trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Daniel Ndem","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9 Mumba","family":"Ngoyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gondwe-Mphepo","family":"Nhkwachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Palomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rottenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krister","family":"Kristensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willias","family":"Masocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Med Trop","first-page":"5","article-title":"Neurology in developing countries","volume":"69","author":"Dumas","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-09525-6_12","article-title":"Parasites and the brain: neuroinvasion, immunopathogenesis and neuronal dysfunctions","volume":"265","author":"Kristensson","year":"2002"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"171","article-title":"Treatment perspectives for human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"17","author":"Bouteille","year":"2003"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"496","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: current issues and challenges","volume":"113","author":"Kennedy","year":"2004"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis. 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