{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:26:55Z","timestamp":1791278815675,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Yellow fever virus is a global health threat due to its endemicity in parts of Africa and South America where human infections occur in residents and travelers. To understand yellow fever dynamics, it is critical to characterize the incubation periods of the virus in vector mosquitoes and humans. Here, we compare four statistical models of the yellow fever incubation periods fitted with historical data. The extrinsic incubation period in the urban vector <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> was best characterized with a temperature-dependent Weibull model with a median of 10 days at 25\u00b0C (middle 95% = 2.0\u201337 days). The intrinsic incubation period, fitted with a log-normal model, had a median of 4.3 days (middle 95% = 2.3\u20138.6 days). These estimates and their associated statistical models provide a quantitative basis to assist in exposure assessments, model potential outbreaks, and evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T16:25:01Z","timestamp":1278001501000},"page":"183-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Incubation Periods of Yellow Fever Virus"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Johansson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neysar\u00ed","family":"Arana-Vizcarrondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad J.","family":"Biggerstaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Erin","family":"Staples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"11","article-title":"Yellow fever: an update","volume":"1","author":"Monath","year":"2001"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"960","article-title":"Yellow fever: 100 years of discovery","volume":"300","author":"Staples","year":"2008"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Yellow Fever","author":"Vainio","year":"1998"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Epidemiol Bull","first-page":"2","article-title":"Outbreak of yellow fever in Paraguay","volume":"27","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"787","article-title":"The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization","volume":"65","author":"Theiler","year":"1937"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Yellow fever: a decade of reemergence","volume":"276","author":"Robertson","year":"1996"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"6077","article-title":"Adverse event reports following yellow fever vaccination","volume":"26","author":"Lindsey","year":"2008"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Vaccine Preventable Diseases: Monitoring System","author":"World Health Organization Department of Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals","year":"2009"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Global Health Situation and Projections\u2014Estimates","author":"World Health Organization Division of Epidemiological Surveillance and Health Situation Trend Assessment","year":"1992"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"The State of World Health: World Health Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1996"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"969","article-title":"Jungle yellow fever in the central Amazon","volume":"348","author":"Barros","year":"1996"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Imported yellow fever in a United States citizen","volume":"25","author":"McFarland","year":"1997"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1608","article-title":"A haemorrhagic fever from the Cote d'Ivoire","volume":"354","author":"Teichmann","year":"1999"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"303","article-title":"Fatal yellow fever in a traveler returning from Venezuela, 1999","volume":"49","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2000"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e113","article-title":"A Belgian traveler who acquired yellow fever in The Gambia","volume":"35","author":"Colebunders","year":"2002"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"324","article-title":"Fatal yellow fever in a traveler returning from Amazonas, Brazil, 2002","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"939","article-title":"Risk of fatal adverse events associated with 17DD yellow fever vaccine","volume":"132","author":"Struchiner","year":"2004"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"2758","article-title":"17D yellow fever vaccines: new insights. A report of a workshop held during the World Congress on medicine and health in the tropics, Marseille, France, Monday 12 September 2005","volume":"25","author":"Barrett","year":"2007"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"967","article-title":"Acute viscerotropic disease following vaccination against yellow fever","volume":"101","author":"Hayes","year":"2007"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"5974","article-title":"Viscerotropic disease following yellow fever vaccination in Peru","volume":"27","author":"Whittembury","year":"2009"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"835","article-title":"The transmission of yellow fever","volume":"219","author":"Hindle","year":"1930"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"370","article-title":"The risk of yellow fever in a dengue-infested area","volume":"95","author":"Massad","year":"2001"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Adv Virus Res","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)60009-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of yellow fever","volume":"60","author":"Monath","year":"2003"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J R Soc Interface","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Vaccinating in disease-free regions: a vaccine model with application to yellow fever","volume":"4","author":"Codeco","year":"2007"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"163","article-title":"The effect of various temperatures in modifying the extrinsic incubation period of the yellow fever virus in Aedes aegypti","volume":"16","author":"Davis","year":"1932"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"143","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of Aedes aegypti for dengue 2 virus","volume":"36","author":"Watts","year":"1987"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Clim Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas","volume":"21","author":"New","year":"2002"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"585","article-title":"The development of the virus of yellow fever in Haemagogus mosquitoes","volume":"26","author":"Bates","year":"1946"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Stat Comput","first-page":"325","article-title":"WinBUGS\u2014a Bayesian modelling framework: concepts, structure, and extensibility","volume":"10","author":"Lunn","year":"2000"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol","first-page":"583","article-title":"Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit","volume":"64","author":"Spiegelhalter","year":"2002"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Public Health Pap Rep","first-page":"37","article-title":"The etiology of yellow fever\u2014a preliminary note","volume":"26","author":"Reed","year":"1900"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"431","article-title":"The etiology of yellow fever-an additional note","volume":"36","author":"Reed","year":"1901"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Yellow Fever: A Compilation of Various Publications","first-page":"149","author":"Reed","year":"1911"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"American Medicine","first-page":"809","article-title":"Experimental yellow fever at the inoculation station of the sanitary department of Havana with a view to producing immunization","volume":"21","author":"Guiteras","year":"1901"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris)","first-page":"665","article-title":"La fi\u00e8vre jaune: rapport de la mission fran\u00e7aise","volume":"17","author":"Marchoux","year":"1903"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Experimental Studies in Yellow Fever and Malaria at Vera Cruz, Mexico","author":"Rosenau","year":"1904"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"A Study of the Etiology of Yellow Fever","author":"Parker","year":"1903"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"147","article-title":"The incubation period of yellow fever in the mosquito","volume":"48","author":"Bauer","year":"1928"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Experimental transmission of yellow fever to laboratory animals","volume":"8","author":"Stokes","year":"1928"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"405","article-title":"An experimental study of yellow fever","volume":"22","author":"Hindle","year":"1929"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"New Orleans Med Surg J","first-page":"617","article-title":"A note on the interval between infecting and secondary cases of yellow fever from the records of the yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi in 1898","volume":"52","author":"Carter","year":"1900"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Med Rec","first-page":"361","article-title":"The period of incubation of yellow fever: a study from unpublished observations","volume":"59","author":"Carter","year":"1901"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"Med Rec","first-page":"933","article-title":"A note on the spread of yellow fever in houses: extrinsic incubation","volume":"59","author":"Carter","year":"1901"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"61","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of yellow fever in the West African native as observed during four extensive epidemics of the disease in the Gold Coast and Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"Beeuwkes","year":"1936"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"309","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"43","author":"Reisen","year":"2006"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"264","article-title":"Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"81","author":"Richards","year":"2009"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"86","article-title":"Mortality and reproductive dynamics of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) fed human blood","volume":"7","author":"Styer","year":"2007"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"The Yellow Fever Mosquito","author":"Christophers","year":"1960"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"274","article-title":"Should yellow fever vaccine be included in the expanded program of immunization in Africa? A cost-effectiveness analysis for Nigeria","volume":"48","author":"Monath","year":"1993"},{"key":"R50","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"3908","article-title":"Yellow fever vaccination: how much is enough?","volume":"23","author":"Massad","year":"2005"},{"key":"R51","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"621","article-title":"Appropriate models for the management of infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"Wearing","year":"2005"},{"key":"R52","series-title":"Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/1\/article-p183.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/1\/article-p183.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/1\/article-p183.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T16:01:51Z","timestamp":1725292911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/83\/1\/article-p183.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0782","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}