{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:05:39Z","timestamp":1784811939606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) invaded Los Angeles in September 2003, and during the subsequent five-year period followed a pattern of amplification, subsidence, and resurgence. Enzootic transmission was tracked by abundance and infection incidence in <jats:italic>Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic> and by seroprevalence in peridomestic passerine birds, infection in dead birds, and seroconversions in sentinel chickens. <jats:italic>Culex p. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> served as the primary vector of WNV, with gravid traps serving as the best sampling method and the most consistent indicator of viral activity. Spatial scan statistics applied to mosquito infection and positive dead bird data delimited three major clusters of WNV transmission, with introduction occurring in the Los Angeles Basin, and amplification and dispersal events carrying transmission to the San Fernando and Santa Clarita valleys. Los Angeles experienced major epidemics in 2004 and 2008, providing a unique opportunity to investigate specific patterns of enzootic amplification preceding epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,3]],"date-time":"2010-08-03T19:18:56Z","timestamp":1280863136000},"page":"400-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["West Nile Virus Emergence and Persistence in Los Angeles, California, 2003\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Kwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Kluh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoo B.","family":"Madon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Reisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1369","article-title":"West Nile virus in California","volume":"10","author":"Reisen","year":"2004"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1369","article-title":"West Nile virus in California","volume":"10","author":"Reisen","year":"2004"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Proc Mosq Vector Control Assoc Calif","first-page":"6","article-title":"Invasion of Greater Los Angeles by West Nile virus - 2003","volume":"72","author":"Wilson","year":"2004"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Proc Mosq Vector Control Assoc Calif","first-page":"17","article-title":"Epidemiology and Control of Mosquito-borne Arboviruses in California, 1943\u20131987","volume":"71","author":"Reeves","year":"1990"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"582","article-title":"Ecology of mosquitoes and St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Los Angeles Basin of California, 1987\u20131990","volume":"29","author":"Reisen","year":"1992"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Proc Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc","first-page":"5","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of the 1984 St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in southern California","volume":"53","author":"Murray","year":"1985"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Proc Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for arthropod-borne viral activity and disease in California during 1984","volume":"53","author":"Emmons","year":"1985"},{"key":"R8","author":"Los Angeles County","year":"2009"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"United States Census Bureau QuickFacts. 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