{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T09:09:59Z","timestamp":1780650599641,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic trematodes. Individuals can accumulate hundreds of intravascular worms, which secrete a myriad of antigenic molecules into the bloodstream. Some of these molecules suppress immunity to microbial Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, such as lipopolysaccharides, which may increase host susceptibility to coinfecting pathogens. We show that schistosomiasis is associated with extremely high levels of endotoxemia as well as high mobility group 1, an endogenous inflammatory TLR ligand, in the absence of other coinfected pathogens. Circulating B cells express surface TLR2 and TLR4, reflecting systemic exposure to microbial ligands. Bacterial translocation may occur with schistosomal egg movement from the vascular to the gut and other routes, such as the skin during infection. Our report suggests that immunosuppressive schistosome antigens may have evolved to curb inflammatory responses to the high antigenic burden of translocated bacteria products and endogenous TLR ligands that arise during parasite exposure and inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,3]],"date-time":"2011-02-03T17:02:07Z","timestamp":1296752527000},"page":"321-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Human Schistosomiasis Is Associated with Endotoxemia and Toll-Like Receptor 2- and 4-Bearing B Cells"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Onguru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YanMei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qyana","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Nikolajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Mwinzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ganley-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Immunol Res","first-page":"252","article-title":"Activation and regulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by helminth parasites","volume":"43","author":"Venugopal","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Eur J Immunol","first-page":"2174","article-title":"Immunopathology in schistosomiasis is controlled by antigen-specific regulatory T cells primed in the presence of TLR2","volume":"37","author":"Layland","year":"2007"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"277","article-title":"Double-stranded RNAs from the helminth parasite Schistosoma activate TLR3 in dendritic cells","volume":"280","author":"Aksoy","year":"2005"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"2082","article-title":"A helminth glycan induces APC maturation via alternative NF-kappa B activation independent of I kappa B alpha degradation","volume":"175","author":"Thomas","year":"2005"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"7562","article-title":"Uncoupling of induced protein processing from maturation in dendritic cells exposed to a highly antigenic preparation from a helminth parasite","volume":"181","author":"Marshall","year":"2008"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Mol Immunol","first-page":"2605","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens are internalized by human dendritic cells through multiple C-type lectins and suppress TLR-induced dendritic cell activation","volume":"44","author":"van Liempt","year":"2007"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Int Immunol","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Schistosome larvae stimulate macrophage cytokine production through TLR4-dependent and -independent pathways","volume":"17","author":"Jenkins","year":"2005"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"7454","article-title":"Helminth antigens modulate TLR-initiated dendritic cell activation","volume":"173","author":"Kane","year":"2004"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"1144","article-title":"The Schistosoma mansoni protein Sm16\/SmSLP\/SmSPO-1 assembles into a nine-subunit oligomer with potential to inhibit Toll-like receptor signaling","volume":"77","author":"Brannstrom","year":"2009"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"BMC Immunol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Combined TLR2 and TLR4 ligation in the context of bacterial or helminth extracts in human monocyte derived dendritic cells: molecular correlates for Th1\/Th2 polarization","volume":"10","author":"van Riet","year":"2009"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e667","article-title":"Functional impairment of human myeloid dendritic cells during Schistosoma haematobium infection","volume":"4","author":"Everts","year":"2010"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Acta Med Okayama","first-page":"207","article-title":"A study of endotoxemia in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. 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