{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:38:16Z","timestamp":1791110296747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three athletes who participated in a race in the tropical forest of the Caribbean island of Martinique were subsequently diagnosed with leptospirosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We investigated an outbreak to evaluate possible risk factors, and to determine the appropriate public health recommendations. Of 230 athletes, we contacted 148 (64%) and 20 (13.5%) met our case definition. Five were hospitalized and none were fatal. Ten (91%) of the 11 ill athletes who were tested were confirmed by PCR or serology. Serogroup Pyrogenes was commonly found. Cutaneous cuts, reported by 14 (73.7%), was the only potential risk factor using univariate analysis. Sporting event participants in tropical areas should be made aware of specific warnings and recommendations concerning the risk of leptospirosis, especially after periods of heavy rainfall or flooding. Rapid diagnostic assays such as PCR are particularly appropriate in this setting for early diagnosis and for formulating public health recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T13:23:23Z","timestamp":1301664203000},"page":"621-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Outbreak of Leptospirosis after a Race in the Tropical Forest of Martinique"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Hochedez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Rosine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaelle","family":"Th\u00e9odose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Bourhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Picardeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Qu\u00e9nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Cabi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"296","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"757","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"808","article-title":"Outbreak of leptospirosis among white-water rafters\u2013Costa Rica, 1996","volume":"278","author":"From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1997"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"702","article-title":"Leptospirosis in \u201cEco-Challenge\u201d athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000","volume":"9","author":"Sejvar","year":"2003"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Diagnostic Biologique Leptospirose-Borreliose de Lyme","author":"Postic","year":"2000"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett","first-page":"139","article-title":"A rapid and quantitative method for the detection of Leptospira species in human leptospirosis","volume":"249","author":"Merien","year":"2005"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998","volume":"34","author":"Morgan","year":"2002"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"843","article-title":"Outbreak of leptospirosis among adventure race participants in Florida","volume":"50","author":"Stern","year":"2005"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Antilles Guyane. Surveillance \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique mensuelle de la dengue: Mai 2009","author":"CIRE","year":"2009"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"281","article-title":"Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with microagglutination test and culture for diagnosis of leptospirosis","volume":"172","author":"Merien","year":"1995"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"110","article-title":"Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for early diagnosis of leptospirosis","volume":"43","author":"Brown","year":"1995"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"45","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic leptospires by real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"54","author":"Levett","year":"2005"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett","first-page":"27","article-title":"Oligonucleotides specific for pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira occurring in water","volume":"148","author":"Murgia","year":"1997"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett","first-page":"9","article-title":"Rapid distinction between Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa by PCR amplification of 23S ribosomal DNA","volume":"150","author":"Woo","year":"1997"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"447","article-title":"Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Levett","year":"2003"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"695","article-title":"The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is an unreliable predictor of infecting Leptospira serovar in Thailand","volume":"81","author":"Smythe","year":"2009"},{"key":"R17","author":"Meteo France Annual Climatic Bulletin","year":"2009"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1457","article-title":"Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary 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Epidemiol","first-page":"743","article-title":"A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis among United States military personnel in Okinawa, Japan","volume":"19","author":"Corwin","year":"1990"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"497","article-title":"An efficacy trial of doxycycline chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis","volume":"310","author":"Takafuji","year":"1984"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"249","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of doxycycline prophylaxis against leptospirosis in an endemic area","volume":"13","author":"Sehgal","year":"2000"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"59","article-title":"Use of doxycycline for leptospirosis after high-risk exposure in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Gonsalez","year":"1998"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"696","article-title":"Doxycycline therapy for leptospirosis","volume":"100","author":"McClain","year":"1984"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"21","article-title":"Update: outbreak of acute febrile illness among athletes participating in Eco-Challenge-Sabah 2000\u2013Borneo, Malaysia, 2000","volume":"50","author":"CDC","year":"2001"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"119","article-title":"Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers","volume":"354","author":"Freedman","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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