{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:04:31Z","timestamp":1789916671462,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 38 pairs of epilepsy patients and controls matched for time and intensity of exposure to transmission of onchocerciasis, the presence of microfilariae in the skin of epilepsy patients was found insignificantly elevated compared with controls (odds ratio = 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60\u20134.57; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.31). This difference was more pronounced when detection of subcutaneous nodules was used as indication of infection with <jats:italic>Onchocerca<\/jats:italic> <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic> (odds ratio = 2.77; 95% CI = 0.92\u20138.33; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.065). These findings from a patient group of limited size suggest that intensity of infection may play a substantial role in the development of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy. Our results are in contrast to the results of two other independent studies from the identical endemic area; one case concluded a significant positive correlation between onchocerciasis and epilepsy, and the other case concluded a clearly negative correlation. Studies with a greater sample size are needed to confirm this possible relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]],"date-time":"2011-08-04T02:17:25Z","timestamp":1312424245000},"page":"225-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Association Between Onchocerciasis and Epilepsy in the Itwara Hyperendemic Focus, West Uganda: Controlling for Time and Intensity of Exposure"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Rubaale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ephraim","family":"Tukesiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Kabagambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joa Okech","family":"Ojony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Asaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e461","article-title":"Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Pion","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"525","article-title":"Epilepsy, retarded growth and onchocerciasis, in two areas of different endemicity of onchocerciasis in Burundi","volume":"91","author":"Newell","year":"1997"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"537","article-title":"Relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Mbam Valley, Republic of Cameroon","volume":"96","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2002"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"565","article-title":"Onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Central African Republic","volume":"149","author":"Druet-Cabanac","year":"1999"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Neuroepidemiology","first-page":"144","article-title":"Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Druet-Cabanac","year":"2004"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"554","article-title":"Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda","volume":"69","author":"Ovuga","year":"1992"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"311","article-title":"Parasitological and clinical characterization of Simulium neavei-transmitted onchocerciasis in western Uganda","volume":"44","author":"Fischer","year":"1993"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"183","article-title":"Onchocerciasis and epilepsy in Uganda","volume":"343","author":"Kipp","year":"1994"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"361","article-title":"The prevalence of epilepsy follows the distribution of onchocerciasis in a west Ugandan focus","volume":"74","author":"Kaiser","year":"1996"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"592","article-title":"Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. 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