{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:41:26Z","timestamp":1783953686281,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We hypothesized that <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> kDNA may be present in urine of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Urine samples and standard diagnostic specimens were collected from patients with skin lesions. kDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on samples from patients and 10 healthy volunteers from non-endemic areas. Eighty-six of 108 patients were diagnosed with CL and 18 (21%) had detectable <jats:italic>Leishmania Viannia<\/jats:italic> kDNA in the urine. Sensitivity and specificity were 20.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.3\u201329.5%) and 100%. Six of 8 patients with mucocutaneous involvement had detectable kDNA in urine versus 12 of 78 patients with isolated cutaneous disease (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>V.<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>braziliensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 3), <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>V.<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>guyanensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 6), and <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>V.<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>peruviana<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 3) were identified from urine. No healthy volunteer or patient with an alternate diagnosis had detectable kDNA in urine. Sensitivity of urine PCR is sub-optimal for diagnosis. On the basis of these preliminary data in a small number of patients, detectable kDNA in urine may identify less localized forms of infection and inform treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T13:23:23Z","timestamp":1301664203000},"page":"556-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Leishmania kDNA from the Urine of Peruvian Patients with Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Veland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braulio Mark","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Pilar","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flor","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Arevalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald E.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Llanos-Cuentas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Boggild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"581","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"21","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: current status and future applications","volume":"45","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn","first-page":"657","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Tavares","year":"2003"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"311","article-title":"New developments in diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"123","author":"Singh","year":"2006"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Advances in leishmaniasis","volume":"366","author":"Murray","year":"2005"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"256","article-title":"Lymphadenopathy as the first sign of human cutaneous infection by Leishmania braziliensis","volume":"53","author":"Barral","year":"1995"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"1003","article-title":"First encounter of subclinical human Leishmania (Viannia) infection in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","volume":"102","author":"Fagundes","year":"2007"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"46","article-title":"Detection and species identification of Old World Leishmania in clinical samples using a PCR-based method","volume":"102","author":"Spanakos","year":"2008"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"503","article-title":"Evidence for Leishmania (Viannia) parasites in the skin and blood of patients before and after treatment","volume":"194","author":"Vergel","year":"2006"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"399","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania (Viannia) DNA in blood from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"115","author":"Venazzi","year":"2007"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"911","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania DNA by polymerase chain reaction in scars of treated human patients","volume":"178","author":"Schubach","year":"1998"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Hematogenous dissemination of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in human American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"100","author":"de Oliveira Camera","year":"2006"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Clin Chem","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Genetic analysis of DNA excreted in urine: a new approach for detecting specific genomic DNA sequences from cells dying in an organism","volume":"46","author":"Botezatu","year":"2000"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"J Mol Diagn","first-page":"101","article-title":"Human urine contains small 150 to 250 nucleotide-size, soluble DNA derived from the circulation and may be useful in the detection of colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2004"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Detection and species identification of Leishmania DNA from filter paper lesion impressions for patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"50","author":"Boggild","year":"2010"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3680","article-title":"Evaluation of a microculture method for the isolation of Leishmania parasites from cutaneous lesions in Peru","volume":"45","author":"Boggild","year":"2007"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"847","article-title":"Optimization of microculture and evaluation of miniculture for the isolation of Leishmania parasites from cutaneous lesions in Peru","volume":"79","author":"Boggild","year":"2008"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Sambrook","year":"1989"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"348","article-title":"Diagnosis of Leishmania via the polymerase chain reaction: a simplified procedure for field work","volume":"49","author":"Lopez","year":"1993"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1846","article-title":"Influence of Leishmania (Viannia) species on the response to antimonial treatment in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"195","author":"Arevalo","year":"2007"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"312","article-title":"Geographic distribution and clinical description of leishmaniasis cases in Peru","volume":"59","author":"Lucas","year":"1998"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"801","article-title":"Development of a genetic assay to distinguish between Leishmania viannia species on the basis of isoenzyme differences","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2006"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"109","article-title":"American tegumentary leishmaniasis: antigen-gene polymorphism, taxonomy and clinical pleomorphism","volume":"5","author":"Garcia","year":"2005"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2294","article-title":"Culture-independent species typing of neotropical Leishmania for clinical validation of a PCR-based assay targeting heat shock protein 70 genes","volume":"42","author":"Garcia","year":"2004"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"111","article-title":"Drug resistance in leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"Croft","year":"2006"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"443","article-title":"Topical treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Belize: a clinical study","volume":"29","author":"Weinrauch","year":"1993"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"466","article-title":"Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with paromomycin plus methylbenzethonium chloride ointment in Guatemala","volume":"65","author":"Arana","year":"2001"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"153","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of two topical paromomycin treatments versus meglumine antimoniate for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"91","author":"Armijos","year":"2004"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"473","article-title":"Non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras fails to respond to topical paromomycin","volume":"91","author":"Neva","year":"1997"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e381","article-title":"Is paromomycin an effective and safe treatment against cutaneous leishmaniasis? A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials","volume":"3","author":"Hyun Kim","year":"2009"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"43","article-title":"Placebo-controlled clinical trial of meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) vs. localized controlled heat in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala","volume":"42","author":"Navin","year":"1990"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Efficacy of thermotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kabul, Afghanistan: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Reithinger","year":"2005"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"281","article-title":"Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) vs. cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"43","author":"Asilian","year":"2004"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"899","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with antimony: intramuscular versus intralesional administration","volume":"91","author":"Alkhawajah","year":"1997"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"859","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis (\u201cespundia\u201d Escomel, 1911)","volume":"80","author":"Marsden","year":"1986"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"398","article-title":"Recurrent lesions in human Leishmania braziliensis infections\u2013reactivation or reinfection?","volume":"336","author":"Saravia","year":"1990"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"199","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis following local trauma: a clinical pearl","volume":"31","author":"Wortmann","year":"2000"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"741","article-title":"Leishmania infantum DNA detection in urine from patients with visceral leishmaniasis and after treatment control","volume":"78","author":"Fisa","year":"2008"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"151","article-title":"A urine-based polymerase chain reaction method for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients","volume":"60","author":"Motazedian","year":"2008"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","first-page":"335","article-title":"Occurrence of Leishmania DNA in urines of dogs naturally infected with leishmaniasis","volume":"31","author":"Franceschi","year":"2007"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"315","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA by fret-based real-time PCR in urine from dogs with natural clinical leishmaniosis","volume":"147","author":"Solano-Gallego","year":"2007"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"64","article-title":"Urine sampling for real-time polymerase chain reaction based diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"20","author":"Manna","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/84\/4\/article-p556.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/84\/4\/article-p556.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/84\/4\/article-p556.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:57:39Z","timestamp":1723060659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/84\/4\/article-p556.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0556","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]}}}