{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T10:24:59Z","timestamp":1792923899918,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We conducted a community-based study of 457 women aged 18\u201350 years living in eight rural villages in northwest Tanzania. The prevalence of female urogenital schistosomiasis (FUS) was 5% overall but ranged from 0% to 11%. FUS was associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2\u201313.5) and younger age (OR = 5.5 and 95% CI = 1.2\u201326.3 for ages &lt; 25 years and OR = 8.2 and 95% CI = 1.7\u201338.4 for ages 25\u201329 years compared with age &gt; 35 years). Overall HIV prevalence was 5.9% but was 17% among women with FUS. We observed significant geographical clustering of schistosomiasis: northern villages near Lake Victoria had more\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001), and southern villages farther from the lake had more\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002). Our data support the postulate that FUS may be a risk factor for HIV infection and may contribute to the extremely high rates of HIV among young women in sub-Saharan Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T19:40:40Z","timestamp":1299094840000},"page":"364-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Women of Reproductive Age in Tanzania's Lake Victoria Region"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Downs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mguta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey M.","family":"Kaatano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina B.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heejung","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harusha","family":"Simplice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel E.","family":"Kalluvya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Changalucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"World Health Organization Neglected Tropical Diseases Website","author":"World Health Organization WHO Working Group on Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Transmission","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis\u2014a differential diagnosis to sexually transmitted disease: genital itch and vaginal discharge as indicators of genital Schistosoma haematobium morbidity in a cross-sectional study in endemic rural Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"Kjetland","year":"2008"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis of the lower genital tract: prevalence and disease-associated morbidity in northern Tanzania","volume":"181","author":"Poggensee","year":"2000"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"775","article-title":"Coexistence of urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted infection in women and men living in an area where Schistosoma haematobium is endemic","volume":"47","author":"Leutscher","year":"2008"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"239","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium. Clinical and parasitological findings in women in rural Malawi","volume":"62","author":"Kjetland","year":"1996"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"193","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis: facts and hypotheses","volume":"79","author":"Poggensee","year":"2001"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"AIDS","first-page":"593","article-title":"Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"20","author":"Kjetland","year":"2006"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Int J STD AIDS","first-page":"368","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis as a risk factor for the transmission of HIV","volume":"5","author":"Feldmeier","year":"1994"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e430","article-title":"Africa's 32 cents solution for HIV\/AIDS","volume":"3","author":"Hotez","year":"2009"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"490","article-title":"Bayesian spatial analysis and disease mapping: tools to enhance planning and implementation of a schistosomiasis control programme in Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Clements","year":"2006"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"14","article-title":"Non-specific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations","volume":"74","author":"Amsel","year":"1983"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"243","article-title":"Diagnostic value of rectal biopsy and concentration methods in schistosomiasis intercalctum: quantitative comparison of three techniques","volume":"32","author":"Feldmeier","year":"1981"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med","first-page":"367","article-title":"Swahili translation and validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scale in the Kenyan head and neck cancer patient population","volume":"36","author":"Omoro","year":"2006"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"J Gen Intern 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