{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T20:22:56Z","timestamp":1780690976980,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although schistosomiasis burden is greatest among school-age children (SAC) (6\u201315 years of age), infection among preschool-age children (PSAC) (1\u20135 years), may be underestimated in endemic areas. We conducted a cross-sectional study evaluating <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection among children 1\u201315 years of age in a highly endemic community in Kenya. Diagnostic tests included stool exam (Kato\/Katz technique), serum testing for schistosome-specific antibodies, and urine testing for circulating cathodic antigen (CCA). Overall, 268 SAC and 216 PSAC were enrolled; prevalence increased with age, with 14% of 1 year olds and more than 90% of children &gt; 10 years of age infected. Stool exam was more sensitive among SAC than PSAC, but performance was similar after adjusting for infection intensity (based on CCA). Schistosomiasis poses a threat to PSAC in endemic areas, and stool exam may underestimate the prevalence of infection. Control programs in such areas should consider PSAC in addition to SAC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,3]],"date-time":"2011-05-03T18:53:58Z","timestamp":1304448838000},"page":"787-791","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Schistosomiasis among Young Children in Usoma, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Verani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Abudho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline N. M.","family":"Mwinzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary L.","family":"Shane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana M. S.","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"411","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2006"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis","volume":"912","author":"WHO","year":"2002"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Epidemiology and Control of Tropical Diseases (Clinics in Tropical Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Volume 1)","first-page":"643","author":"Sleigh","year":"1986"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"417","article-title":"Water-contact patterns in relation to Schistosoma haematobium infection","volume":"56","author":"Dalton","year":"1978"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"393","article-title":"Immunity after treatment of human schistosomiasis mansoni. 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Evidence for immune-facilitated excretion of schistosome eggs from patients with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections","volume":"56","author":"Karanja","year":"1997"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Child growth standards macros","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Growth reference 5\u201319 years","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e951","article-title":"Evaluation of commercially available urine CCA assays for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in western Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Shane","year":"2011"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"ParasitVectors","first-page":"7","article-title":"Performance of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-dipsticks for rapid detection of intestinal schistosomiasis in schoolchildren from shoreline communities of Lake Victoria","volume":"3","author":"Standley","year":"2010"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Conditions in Kenya","first-page":"190","author":"Government of Kenya Ministry of Health","year":"2002"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacologicical Basis of Therapeutics","first-page":"1073","author":"Loukas","year":"2006"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"39","article-title":"The antischistosomal efficacies of artesunate-sulfamethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine and artemether-lumefantrine administered as treatment for uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"102","author":"Adam","year":"2008"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"917","article-title":"Infant schistosomiasis in Ghana: a survey in an irrigation community","volume":"9","author":"Bosompem","year":"2004"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"J Helminthol","first-page":"393","article-title":"Genitourinary schistosomiasis among pre-primary schoolchildren in a rural community within the Cross River Basin, Nigeria","volume":"81","author":"Opara","year":"2007"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Chronic Illn","first-page":"65","article-title":"The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"King","year":"2008"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e8988","article-title":"Age-patterns of malaria vary with severity, transmission intensity and seasonality in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and pooled analysis","volume":"5","author":"Carneiro","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/84\/5\/article-p787.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/84\/5\/article-p787.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/84\/5\/article-p787.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:52:39Z","timestamp":1723060359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/84\/5\/article-p787.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0685","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,5]]}}}