{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:28:39Z","timestamp":1782779319089,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is rarely seen in the United States, and the social and geographic context of the infection can be a key to its diagnosis and management. Four Somali and one Ethiopian, in U.S. Border Patrol custody, came to the United States by the same human trafficking route: Djibouti to Dubai to Moscow to Havana to Quito; and then by ground by Columbia\/Panama to the United States - Mexico border where they were detained. Although traveling at different times, all five patients simultaneously presented to our institution with chronic ulcerative skin lesions at different sites and stages of evolution. Culture of biopsy specimens grew <jats:italic>Leishmania panamensis<\/jats:italic>. Soon thereafter, three individuals from East Africa traveling the identical route presented with <jats:italic>L. panamensis<\/jats:italic> CL to physicians in Tacoma, WA. We document here the association of a human trafficking route and new world CL. Clinicians and public health officials should be aware of this emerging infectious disease risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T18:44:22Z","timestamp":1306953862000},"page":"847-850","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Cluster of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Associated with Human Smuggling"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Cannella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bichchau M.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline D.","family":"Piggott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay R.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1773","article-title":"Illness in long-term travelers visiting GeoSentinel clinics","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"257","article-title":"Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"17","author":"Klaus","year":"1999"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"547","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Texas: epidemiology and clinical aspects of human cases","volume":"55","author":"McHugh","year":"1996"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"650","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Texas: a northern spread of endemic areas","volume":"58","author":"Wright","year":"2008"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"581","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"239","article-title":"Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil: a review","volume":"99","author":"Silveira","year":"2004"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"49","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in Colombia: clinical characteristics","volume":"59","author":"Osorio","year":"1998"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"859","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"80","author":"Marsden","year":"1986"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol","first-page":"223","article-title":"Replacement of Leishmania N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene requires episomal rescue","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"1999"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"199","article-title":"Characterization of Leishmania spp. by isozyme electrophoresis","volume":"29","author":"Kreutzer","year":"1980"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Travel Med","first-page":"395","article-title":"Imported leishmaniasis: a heterogeneous group of diseases","volume":"16","author":"Perez-Ayala","year":"2009"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis. 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