{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:51:40Z","timestamp":1791215500699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to obtain data on susceptibility patterns of pathogens responsible for both community and hospital urinary tract infections (UTIs); and analyzed risk factors for infection caused by ciprofloxacin-resistant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamace (ESBL)-producing strains in Rwanda. Of 1,012 urine cultures prospectively studied, a total of 196 (19.3%) yielded significant growth of a single organism. The most common isolate (60.7%) was <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. The antibiotics commonly used in UTIs are less effective except Fosfomycin-trometamol and imipinem. The use of ciprofloxacin in the previous 6 months (odds ratio [OR] = 7.59 [1.75\u201332.74]), use of other antibiotics in the previous 6 months (OR = 1.02 [1.02\u20132.34]), and production of ESBL (OR = 19.32 [2.62\u2013142.16]) were found to be associated with ciprofloxacin resistance among the <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates. Risk factors for ESBL positivity were the use of ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporin in the preceding 6 months (OR = 3.05 [1.42\u20136.58] and OR = 9.78 [2.71\u201335.25], respectively); and being an inpatient (OR = 2.27 [1.79\u20132.89]). Fosfomycin-trometamol could be included as a reasonable alternative for the therapy of uncomplicated UTI in Rwanda.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T18:44:22Z","timestamp":1306953862000},"page":"923-928","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Decreased Susceptibility to Commonly Used Antimicrobial Agents in Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Rwanda: Need for New Antimicrobial Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Claude Mambo","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Masaisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Bayingana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9on","family":"Mutesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Musemakweri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Muhirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert (W.)","family":"Claeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"126","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a global response","volume":"80","author":"Smith","year":"2002"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"745","article-title":"Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. 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