{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:23:24Z","timestamp":1789611804289,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of circulating immune complexes (CICs) is a characteristic feature of human lymphatic filariasis. However, the role of CICs in modulating granulocyte function and complement functional activity in filarial infection is unknown. The levels of CICs in association with complement activation in clinically asymptomatic, filarial-infected patients (INF); filarial-infected patients with overt lymphatic pathologic changes (CPDT); and uninfected controls (EN) were examined. Significantly increased levels of CICs and enhanced functional efficiency of the classical and mannose-binding lectin pathways of the complement system was observed in INF compared with CPDT and EN. Polyethylene glycol\u2013precipitated CICs from INF and CPDT induced significantly increased granulocyte activation compared with those from EN, determined by the increased production of neutrophil granular proteins and a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, CIC-mediated enhanced granulocyte activation and modulation of complement function are important features of filarial infection and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]],"date-time":"2011-07-06T18:34:20Z","timestamp":1309977260000},"page":"89-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Heightened Measures of Immune Complex and Complement Function and Immune Complex\u2013Mediated Granulocyte Activation in Human Lymphatic Filariasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Prakash","family":"Senbagavalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajamanickam","family":"Anuradha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadakkuppattu D.","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasanthapuram","family":"Kumaraswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"389","article-title":"Regulation of the immune response in lymphatic filariasis: perspectives on acute and chronic infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in south India","volume":"23","author":"Nutman","year":"2001"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Microbes Infect","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Epidemiology and immunopathology of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"1","author":"de Almeida","year":"1999"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"544","article-title":"Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: a clinical perspective","volume":"16","author":"Dreyer","year":"2000"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Immunol Methods","first-page":"13","article-title":"Comparative study of circulating immune complexes quantity detection by three assays-CIF-ELISA, C1q-ELISA and anti-C3 ELISA","volume":"253","author":"Stanilova","year":"2001"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol","first-page":"29","article-title":"The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections","volume":"40","author":"H\u00f8iby","year":"1986"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Arthritis Res Ther","first-page":"R64","article-title":"Immune complexes from rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid induce FcgammaRIIa dependent and rheumatoid factor correlated production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"8","author":"Mathsson","year":"2006"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Br J Haematol","first-page":"830","article-title":"Cryoglobulin-induced cytokine production via FcgammaRIIa: inverse effects of complement blockade on the production of TNF-alpha and IL-10. 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