{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:09:56Z","timestamp":1787792996605,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) has been known to occur in Mexico since the 1960s. The first natural equine epizootic was recognized in Chiapas in 1993 and since then, numerous studies have characterized the etiologic strains, including reverse genetic studies that incriminated a specific mutation that enhanced infection of epizootic mosquito vectors. The aim of this study was to determine the mosquito and rodent species involved in enzootic maintenance of subtype IE VEEV in coastal Chiapas. A longitudinal study was conducted over a year to discern which species and habitats could be associated with VEEV circulation. Antibody was rarely detected in mammals and virus was not isolated from mosquitoes. Additionally, <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Melanoconion<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>taeniopus<\/jats:italic> populations were found to be spatially related to high levels of human and bovine seroprevalence. These mosquito populations were concentrated in areas that appear to represent foci of stable, enzootic VEEV circulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,5]],"date-time":"2011-12-05T18:05:03Z","timestamp":1323108303000},"page":"1146-1153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Candidate Vectors and Rodent Hosts of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus, Chiapas, 2006\u20132007"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Eleanor R.","family":"Deardorff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose G.","family":"Estrada-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome E.","family":"Freier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Navarro-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia Travassos","family":"Da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Tesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Salud Publica Mex","first-page":"523","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies on arbor virus in the southeast of Mexico","volume":"27","author":"de Mucha Macias","year":"1963"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Fields Virology","first-page":"1023","author":"Griffin","year":"2007"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"49","article-title":"Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia","volume":"9","author":"Ferro","year":"2003"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Science","first-page":"594","article-title":"Culex (Melanoconion) aikenii: natural vector in Panama of endemic Venezuelan encephalitis","volume":"172","author":"Galindo","year":"1971"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico","volume":"59","author":"Oberste","year":"1998"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"6387","article-title":"Vector infection determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the E2 envelope glycoprotein","volume":"76","author":"Brault","year":"2002"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"336","article-title":"Vector competence of mosquitoes as a marker to distinguish Central American and Mexican epizootic from enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus","volume":"25","author":"Kramer","year":"1976"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Mosq News","first-page":"449","article-title":"The occurrence of Deinocerites pseudes Dyar and Knab in the United States, with additional notes on the biology of Deinocerites species of Texas","volume":"24","author":"Peyton","year":"1964"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"851","article-title":"Entomological studies at an enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus focus in Guatemala, 1977\u20131980","volume":"35","author":"Cupp","year":"1986"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1060","article-title":"Transmission of Venezuelan encephalitis virus by naturally infected Culex (Melanoconion) opisthopus","volume":"28","author":"Cupp","year":"1979"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2113","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, southern Mexico","volume":"10","author":"Estrada-Franco","year":"2004"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"11344","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein","volume":"101","author":"Brault","year":"2004"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"141","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis","volume":"49","author":"Weaver","year":"2004"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"324","article-title":"Contrasting sylvatic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in northern South America","volume":"67","author":"Barrera","year":"2002"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"84","article-title":"Ecological studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in north-central Venezuela, 1997\u20131998","volume":"64","author":"Salas","year":"2001"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"790","article-title":"Ecologic observations of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in vertebrates and isolations of Nepuyo and Patois viruses from sentinel hamsters at Pacific and Atlantic habitats in Guatemala, 1968\u20131980","volume":"34","author":"Scherer","year":"1985"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1158","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of cotton rats","volume":"13","author":"Carrara","year":"2007"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2182","article-title":"Experimental Everglades virus infection of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)","volume":"10","author":"Coffey","year":"2004"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"290","article-title":"Viruses of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex. Experimental infection of Panamanian rodents","volume":"18","author":"Young","year":"1969"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"891","article-title":"Experimental infection of North American mammals with epidemic Venezuelan encephalitis virus","volume":"25","author":"Bowen","year":"1976"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections","first-page":"797","author":"Beaty","year":"1989"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"153","article-title":"A generic nested-RT-PCR followed by sequencing for detection and identification of members of the alphavirus genus","volume":"95","author":"Sanchez-Seco","year":"2001"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Res Virol","first-page":"93","article-title":"Identification of mosquito-borne flavivirus sequences using universal primers and reverse transcription\/polymerase chain reaction","volume":"145","author":"Pierre","year":"1994"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"561","article-title":"Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses","volume":"7","author":"Clarke","year":"1958"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Intervirology","first-page":"229","article-title":"Proposed antigenic classification of registered arboviruses I. Togaviridae, Alphavirus","volume":"14","author":"Calisher","year":"1980"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"777","article-title":"Detection of flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico in 2008","volume":"10","author":"Farfan-Ale","year":"2010"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico","author":"Reid","year":"1997"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"282","article-title":"Identification of bloodmeals in haematophagous Diptera by cytochrome B heteroduplex analysis","volume":"13","author":"Boakye","year":"1999"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Southwest Nat","first-page":"301","article-title":"Re-evaluation of the geographic distribution and phylogeography of the Sigmodon Hispidus complex based on mitochondrial DNA sequences","volume":"53","author":"Bradley","year":"2008"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"980","article-title":"Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southeastern Mexico. IV. Infections of wild mammals","volume":"20","author":"Scherer","year":"1971"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"350","article-title":"Experimental infections of Oryzomys couesi with sympatric arboviruses from Mexico","volume":"82","author":"Deardorff","year":"2010"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus for equine-virulent subtype IE strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"82","author":"Deardorff","year":"2010"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"385","article-title":"An ecological survey for arboviruses in Almirante, Panama, 1959\u20131962","volume":"15","author":"Galindo","year":"1966"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"151","article-title":"Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus and isolations of Nepuyo and Patois viruses during 1968\u20131973 at a marsh habitat near the epicenter of the 1969 outbreak in Guatemala","volume":"25","author":"Scherer","year":"1976"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"17","article-title":"Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vector studies","volume":"101","author":"Sudia","year":"1975"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"857","article-title":"Susceptibility of Psorophora confinnis (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with epizootic (subtype IC) and enzootic (subtype ID) Venezuelan Equine encephalitis viruses","volume":"42","author":"Ortiz","year":"2005"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"413","article-title":"Vector competence of eastern and western forms of Psorophora columbiae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes for enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"78","author":"Moncayo","year":"2008"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"295","article-title":"Potential for Central American mosquitoes to transmit epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"15","author":"Turell","year":"1999"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"206","article-title":"Experimental infection of horses with three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. II. Experimental vector studies","volume":"93","author":"Sudia","year":"1971"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"US Army Med Dep Bull","first-page":"96","article-title":"Mosquito transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Trinidad","volume":"75","author":"Gilyard","year":"1944"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"813","article-title":"Spatial dispersion of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a sylvatic focus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"38","author":"Mendez","year":"2001"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"835","article-title":"Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus","volume":"37","author":"Turell","year":"2000"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"11","article-title":"Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Culex nigripalpus for Everglades virus","volume":"73","author":"Coffey","year":"2005"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"306","article-title":"Vector competence of Mexican and Honduran mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for enzootic (IE) and epizootic (IC) strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus","volume":"40","author":"Turell","year":"2003"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"137","article-title":"Vector-host studies of an epizootic of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Guatemala, 1969","volume":"93","author":"Sudia","year":"1971"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"997","article-title":"Rio Grande\u2013a new phlebotomus fever group virus from south Texas","volume":"26","author":"Calisher","year":"1977"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Characterization of eight new phlebotomus fever serogroup arboviruses (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of Brazil","volume":"32","author":"Travassos da Rosa","year":"1983"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"435","article-title":"Serologic survey for selected arboviruses and other potential pathogens in wildlife from Mexico","volume":"28","author":"Aguirre","year":"1992"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"Discussion comments. Symposium on Venezuelan encephalitis virus","first-page":"271","author":"Shope","year":"1972"},{"key":"R50","series-title":"Discussion comments. Symposium on Venezuelan encephalitis virus","first-page":"273","author":"Woodall","year":"1972"},{"key":"R51","series-title":"Bioscience","first-page":"758","article-title":"Fires, hurricanes and volcanoes: comparing large disturbances","volume":"47","author":"Turner","year":"1997"},{"key":"R52","series-title":"J Zool (Lond)","first-page":"138","article-title":"Recovery of a rodent community in an agro-ecosystem after flooding","volume":"272","author":"Zhang","year":"2006"},{"key":"R53","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"350","article-title":"Experimental infections of potential Mexican reservoir hosts with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"82","author":"Deardorff","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/6\/article-p1146.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/6\/article-p1146.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/6\/article-p1146.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:32:55Z","timestamp":1723059175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/6\/article-p1146.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]}}}