{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:51:08Z","timestamp":1785736268797,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic> cause common sexually transmitted infections in humans and cattle, respectively. Mouse models of trichomoniasis are important for pathogenic and therapeutic studies. Here, we compared murine genital infections with <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>. Persistent vaginal infection with <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic> was established with 100 parasites but <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> infection required doses of 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>, perhaps because of greater susceptibility to killing by mouse vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infection with <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> persisted longest after combined treatment of mice with estrogen and dexamethasone, whereas infection was only short-lived when mice were given estrogen or dexamethasone alone, co-infected with <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>, and\/or pretreated with antibiotics. Infection rates were similar with metronidazole-resistant (MR) and metronidazole-sensitive (MS) <jats:italic>T. vaginalis.<\/jats:italic> High dose but not low dose metronidazole treatment controlled infection with MS better than MR <jats:italic>T. vaginalis.<\/jats:italic> These murine models will be valuable for investigating the pathogenesis and treatment of trichomoniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]],"date-time":"2011-10-05T23:30:06Z","timestamp":1317857406000},"page":"667-673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Murine Models of Vaginal Trichomonad Infections"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Eduardo R.","family":"Cobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Eckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette B.","family":"Corbeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther","first-page":"125","article-title":"Trichomoniasis and its treatment","volume":"4","author":"Nanda","year":"2006"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"59","article-title":"Early pathogenesis and pathology of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in virgin heifers","volume":"86","author":"Parsonson","year":"1976"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"350","article-title":"Fetal and placental lesions in bovine abortion due to Tritrichomonas foetus","volume":"25","author":"Rhyan","year":"1988"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Immunization of virgin cows with surface antigen TF1.17 of Tritrichomonas foetus","volume":"61","author":"BonDurant","year":"1993"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Infect 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neutrophils: killing by disruption and fragmentation","volume":"142","author":"Rein","year":"1980"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"2995","article-title":"Bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte killing of Tritrichomonas foetus","volume":"61","author":"Aydintug","year":"1993"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"562","article-title":"Neutrophils and inducible nitric-oxide synthase are critical for early resistance to the establishment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection","volume":"93","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2007"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Immunobiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","first-page":"328","author":"Braude","year":"1978"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Cell Res","first-page":"239","article-title":"Drug resistance in the sexually transmitted protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"13","author":"Dunne","year":"2003"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"2158","article-title":"Adherence of Tritrichomonas foetus to bovine vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"57","author":"Corbeil","year":"1989"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estrogens and the urogenital tract. Studies on steroid hormone receptors and a clinical study on a new estradiol-releasing vaginal ring","volume":"157","author":"Smith","year":"1993"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"3078","article-title":"Characterization of Tritrichomonas foetus antigens by use of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"58","author":"Hodgson","year":"1990"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"770","article-title":"Immunological and biochemical analysis of glycosylated surface antigens and lipophosphoglycan of Tritrichomonas foetus","volume":"87","author":"Singh","year":"2001"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"3847","article-title":"Adhesion of Tritrichomonas foetus to bovine vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"67","author":"Singh","year":"1999"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys","first-page":"273","article-title":"Identification of the lipid moiety and further characterization of the novel lipophosphoglycan-like glycoconjugates of Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas foetus","volume":"309","author":"Singh","year":"1994"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"282","article-title":"Uterine mast cells and immunoglobulin-E antibody responses during clearance of Tritrichomonas foetus","volume":"42","author":"Corbeil","year":"2005"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"J Gen Microbiol","first-page":"2743","article-title":"Oestradiol-induced infection of the genital tract of female mice by Mycoplasma hominis","volume":"135","author":"Furr","year":"1989"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"111","article-title":"The establishment and persistence of Ureaplasma urealyticum in oestradiol-treated female mice","volume":"29","author":"Furr","year":"1989"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Microb Pathog","first-page":"369","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonises the genital tract of oestradiol-treated germ-free female mice","volume":"9","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1990"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"4209","article-title":"Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates with resistance to metronidazole and tinidazole","volume":"50","author":"Schwebke","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/4\/article-p667.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/4\/article-p667.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/4\/article-p667.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:38:28Z","timestamp":1723059508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/4\/article-p667.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}}}