{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T07:11:18Z","timestamp":1793344278435,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We enrolled consecutive febrile admissions to two hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania. Confirmed leptospirosis was defined as a \u2265 4-fold increase in microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titer; probable leptospirosis as reciprocal MAT titer \u2265 800; and exposure to pathogenic leptospires as titer \u2265 100. Among 870 patients enrolled in the study, 453 (52.1%) had paired sera available, and 40 (8.8%) of these met the definition for confirmed leptospirosis. Of 832 patients with \u2265 1 serum sample available, 30 (3.6%) had probable leptospirosis and an additional 277 (33.3%) had evidence of exposure to pathogenic leptospires. Among those with leptospirosis the most common clinical diagnoses were malaria in 31 (44.3%) and pneumonia in 18 (25.7%). Leptospirosis was associated with living in a rural area (odds ratio [OR] 3.4, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Among those with confirmed leptospirosis, the predominant reactive serogroups were Mini and Australis. Leptospirosis is a major yet underdiagnosed cause of febrile illness in northern Tanzania, where it appears to be endemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]],"date-time":"2011-08-04T02:17:25Z","timestamp":1312424245000},"page":"275-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Leptospirosis among Hospitalized Febrile Patients in Northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Holly M.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duy M.","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee L.","family":"Galloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn A.","family":"Stoddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean V.","family":"Shadomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne B.","family":"Morrissey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jecinta J.","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venance P.","family":"Maro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace D.","family":"Kinabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilbrod","family":"Saganda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology","first-page":"739","author":"Weyant","year":"1999"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Postgrad Med","first-page":"174","article-title":"A global research agenda for leptospirosis","volume":"51","author":"Cachay","year":"2005"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"296","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2004\u201305","first-page":"381","author":"National Bureau of Statistics, ORC Macro","year":"2005"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"830","article-title":"Invasive bacterial and fungal infections among hospitalized HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children and infants in northern Tanzania","volume":"16","author":"Crump","year":"2011"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"341","article-title":"Invasive bacterial and fungal infections among hospitalized HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults and adolescents in northern Tanzania","volume":"52","author":"Crump","year":"2011"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3946","article-title":"Validation, performance under field conditions, and cost-effectiveness of Capillus HIV-1\/HIV-2 and Determine HIV-1\/2 rapid human immunodeficiency virus antibody assays using sequential and parallel testing algorithms in Tanzania","volume":"46","author":"Mayhood","year":"2008"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"78","article-title":"Abbott RealTime HIV-1 m2000rt viral load testing: manual extraction versus the automated m2000sp extraction","volume":"172","author":"Scott","year":"2011"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"218","article-title":"Evaluation of the Abbott m2000rt RealTime HIV-1 assay with manual sample preparation compared with the ROCHE COBAS AmpliPrep\/AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR 1.5 using specimens from East Africa","volume":"162","author":"Crump","year":"2009"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Methods in Microbiology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0580-9517(08)70493-8","author":"Dikken","year":"1978"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1997"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Guidelines for the Control of Leptospirosis","author":"Faine","year":"1982"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"2002 Population and Housing Census","author":"Government of Tanzania","year":"2002"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"612","article-title":"Laboratory reference values for health adults from southern Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"Saathoff","year":"2008"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Establishment of hematological and immunological reference values for healthy Tanzanian children in the Kilimanjaro Region","volume":"15","author":"Buchanan","year":"2010"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"859","article-title":"Serological studies on leptospirosis in livestock and chickens from Grenada and Trinidad","volume":"79","author":"Everard","year":"1985"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"225","article-title":"Leptospiral infections in hedgehogs","volume":"103","author":"van der Hoeden","year":"1958"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Int J Zoonoses","first-page":"33","article-title":"Leptospirosis in dogs and cats on the Island of Trinidad: West Indies","volume":"6","author":"Everard","year":"1979"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"393","article-title":"Animal reservoirs of leptospires","volume":"70","author":"Babudieri","year":"1958"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Trop Geogr Med","first-page":"29","article-title":"Bacteriological survey of leptospirosis in Zaria, Nigeria","volume":"34","author":"Diallo","year":"1982"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"523","article-title":"Animal hosts of leptospires in Kenya and Uganda","volume":"15","author":"Ball","year":"1966"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"446","article-title":"Isolation of Leptospira interrogans from kidneys of Zimbabwe beef cattle","volume":"130","author":"Feresu","year":"1992"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"535","article-title":"A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis","volume":"126","author":"Cacciapuoti","year":"1987"},{"issue":"(Suppl 3)","key":"R25","series-title":"Vet Q","first-page":"S149","article-title":"Leptospirosis in wild animals","volume":"18","author":"Hartskeerl","year":"1996"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"386","article-title":"Inapparent infection of sheep in Britain by leptospires of the Australis serogroup","volume":"31","author":"Little","year":"1981"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"215","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of canine leptospirosis on the island of Barbados","volume":"57","author":"Weekes","year":"1997"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol","first-page":"593","article-title":"New Leptospira serovar Sokoine of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae from cattle in Tanzania","volume":"56","author":"Mgode","year":"2006"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Belg J Zool","first-page":"97","article-title":"Leptospirosis in animals and humans in selected areas of Tanzania","volume":"127","author":"Machang'u","year":"1997"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"124","article-title":"Isolation of Leptospira from wild forest animals in Amazonian Brazil","volume":"78","author":"Lins","year":"1984"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"148","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Meeyam","year":"2006"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"241","article-title":"Buenos Aires, a new Leptospira serovar of serogroup Djasiman, isolated from an aborted dog fetus in Argentina","volume":"107","author":"Rossetti","year":"2005"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol","first-page":"694","article-title":"Two new leptospiral serovars in the Hebdomadis serogroup isolated from Zimbabwe cattle","volume":"46","author":"Feresu","year":"1996"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"757","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol","first-page":"337","article-title":"Results of serological examination for leptospirosis of domestic and wild animals in the Upper Nile province (Sudan)","volume":"33","author":"Sebek","year":"1989"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Principals and Practice of Infectious Diseases","first-page":"3059","author":"Levett","year":"2010"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"417","article-title":"Community acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Reddy","year":"2010"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"447","article-title":"Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Levett","year":"2003"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"695","article-title":"The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is an unreliable predictor of infecting Leptospira serovar in Thailand","volume":"81","author":"Smythe","year":"2009"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"487","article-title":"A survey of leptospirosis in febrile patients mainly from hospitals and clinics in Trinidad","volume":"76","author":"Everard","year":"1982"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries","first-page":"17","author":"Njombe","year":"2010"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"249","article-title":"Asymptomatic infection and risk factors for leptospirosis in Nicaragua","volume":"63","author":"Ashford","year":"2000"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Relation of rainfall pattern and epidemic leptospirosis in the Indian state of Kerala","volume":"58","author":"Pappachan","year":"2004"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"803","article-title":"Evaluation of four commercially available rapid serologic tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis","volume":"41","author":"Bajani","year":"2003"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"390","article-title":"Concurrent infections in acute febrile illness patients in Egypt","volume":"77","author":"Parker","year":"2007"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"363","article-title":"Causes of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in rural Thailand: results of a prospective observational study","volume":"100","author":"Suttinont","year":"2006"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"Ugeskr Laeger","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Concurrent leptospirosis and Salmonella infection","volume":"171","author":"Ronsholt","year":"2009"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Illnesses with Limited Resources","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"IMAI Acute Care: Guidelines for First-Level Facility Health Workers at Health Centre and District Outpatient Clinic","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"R50","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"247","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene","volume":"64","author":"Stoddard","year":"2009"},{"key":"R51","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e7093","article-title":"Development and validation of a real-time PCR for detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in clinical materials","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009"},{"key":"R52","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2154","article-title":"Comparison of real-time PCR assays for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in blood and identification of variations in target sequences","volume":"49","author":"Bourhy","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/2\/article-p275.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/2\/article-p275.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/2\/article-p275.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:42:54Z","timestamp":1723059774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/2\/article-p275.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0176","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]}}}