{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T15:51:41Z","timestamp":1793634701898,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Phytoplankton abundance is inversely related to sea surface temperature (SST). However, a positive relationship is observed between SST and phytoplankton abundance in coastal waters of Bay of Bengal. This has led to an assertion that in a warming climate, rise in SST may increase phytoplankton blooms and, therefore, cholera outbreaks. Here, we explain why a positive SST-phytoplankton relationship exists in the Bay of Bengal and the implications of such a relationship on cholera dynamics. We found clear evidence of two independent physical drivers for phytoplankton abundance. The first one is the widely accepted phytoplankton blooming produced by the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep ocean waters. The second, which explains the Bay of Bengal findings, is coastal phytoplankton blooming during high river discharges with terrestrial nutrients. Causal mechanisms should be understood when associating SST with phytoplankton and subsequent cholera outbreaks in regions where freshwater discharge are a predominant mechanism for phytoplankton production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]],"date-time":"2011-08-04T02:17:25Z","timestamp":1312424245000},"page":"303-308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Warming Oceans, Phytoplankton, and River Discharge: Implications for Cholera Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Antarpreet S.","family":"Jutla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali S.","family":"Akanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey K.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Colwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Hydrobiologia","first-page":"141","article-title":"Marine ecosystems and cholera","volume":"460","author":"Colwell","year":"2001"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev","first-page":"125","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host","volume":"26","author":"Reidl","year":"2002"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"1438","article-title":"Climate and infectious disease: use of remote sensing for detection of Vibrio cholerae by indirect measurement","volume":"97","author":"Lobitz","year":"2000"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Am Water Resour Assoc","first-page":"651","article-title":"Tracking cholera in coastal regions using satellite observations","volume":"46","author":"Jutla","year":"2010"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Int J Remote Sens","first-page":"3877","article-title":"Synergistic analysis of SeaWiFS chlorophyll concentration and NOAA-AVHRR SST feature for exploring marine living resources","volume":"22","author":"Solanki","year":"2001"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Deep-Sea Res","first-page":"3481","article-title":"Primary productivity in the northern Canary Islands region as inferred from SeaWiFS imagery","volume":"49","author":"Davenport","year":"2002"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Mar Syst","first-page":"83","article-title":"Marine fronts at the continental shelves of austral South America: physical and ecological processes","volume":"44","author":"Acha","year":"2004"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Geophys Res","first-page":"C06032","article-title":"Spatial patterns in seasonal and interannual variability of chlorophyll and sea surface temperature in the California Current","volume":"111","author":"Legaard","year":"2006"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Plankton Res","first-page":"189","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variability of chlorophyll a and primary production in the Equatorial Atlantic: in situ and remote sensing observations","volume":"27","author":"Perez","year":"2005"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Geol Res","first-page":"G01024","article-title":"On the relationship between satellite-estimated bio-optical and thermal properties in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"113","author":"Jolliff","year":"2008"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Prog Oceanogr","first-page":"269","article-title":"Remote sensing of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll during Lagrangian experiments at the Iberian margin","volume":"51","author":"Smyth","year":"2001"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett","first-page":"315","article-title":"Seasonal variations of chlorophyll a concentration in the northern South China Sea","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2008"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"823","article-title":"Local environmental predictors of cholera in Bangladesh and Vietnam","volume":"78","author":"Emch","year":"2008"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"17676","article-title":"Environmental signatures associated with cholera epidemics","volume":"105","author":"Magny","year":"2008"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Science","first-page":"2025","article-title":"Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm","volume":"274","author":"Colwell","year":"1996"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Int J Remote Sens","first-page":"3695","article-title":"Variability of chlorophyll concentration in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal as observed from SeaWiFS data from 1997\u20132000 and its interrelationship with Sea Surface Temperature (SST) derived from NOAA AVHRR","volume":"26","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2005"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Int J Remote Sens","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Provincial nature of chlorophyll and sea surface temperature observed by satellite","volume":"30","author":"Kumari","year":"2009"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"J Hydrometeorol","first-page":"660","article-title":"Estimates of freshwater discharge from continents: latitudinal and seasonal variations","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2002"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Cont Shelf Res","first-page":"291","article-title":"Phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the Amazon river plume: correlation with seasonal river discharge","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"1996"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett","first-page":"L05601","article-title":"Remotely-sensed chl a at the Chesapeake Bay mouth is correlated with annual freshwater flow to Chesapeake Bay","volume":"32","author":"Acker","year":"2005"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Estuar Coast Shelf Sci","first-page":"711","article-title":"Phytoplankton production in the Delaware Estuary: temporal and spatial variability","volume":"21","author":"Pennock","year":"1985"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Mar Biol","first-page":"259","article-title":"The effect of Po River discharge on phytoplankton dynamics in the Northern Adriatic Sea","volume":"34","author":"Revelante","year":"1976"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"J Geophys Res","first-page":"2259","article-title":"Influence of the Orinoco river outflow on distributions of algal pigments in the Caribbean Sea","volume":"98","author":"Bidigare","year":"1993"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Cont Shelf Res","first-page":"639","article-title":"Enhanced primary production at the plume\/oceanic interface of the Mississippi River","volume":"10","author":"Lohrenz","year":"1990"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Mar Geol","first-page":"41","article-title":"Suspended sediment distribution and residual transport in the coastal ocean off of the Ganges Brahmaputra river mouth","volume":"120","author":"Barua","year":"1994"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"An Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing","author":"Martin","year":"2004"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr","first-page":"1001","article-title":"High frequency and mesoscale variability in SeaWiFS chlorophyll imagery and its relation to other remotely sensed oceanographic variables","volume":"51","author":"Uz","year":"2004"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Sea Technol","first-page":"10","article-title":"Science quality SeaWiFS data for global biosphere research","volume":"39","author":"McClain","year":"1998"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration and Validation Analyses, Part 3","first-page":"9","volume":"Volume 11","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2000"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Remote Sens Environ","first-page":"463","article-title":"Global and regional evaluation of the SeaWiFS chlorophyll data set","volume":"93","author":"Gregg","year":"2004"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"J Clim","first-page":"929","article-title":"Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation","volume":"7","author":"Reynolds","year":"1994"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"246","article-title":"Epidemic and endemic cholera trends over a 33-year period in Bangladesh","volume":"186","author":"Longini","year":"2002"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"711","article-title":"Ambulatory system for human motion analysis using a kinematic sensor: monitoring of daily physical activity in the elderly","volume":"50","author":"Najafi","year":"2003"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Water Resources Research","first-page":"W00H07","article-title":"Hydroclimatic influences on seasonal and spatial cholera transmission cycles: implications for public health intervention in the Bengal Delta","volume":"47","author":"Akanda","year":"2011"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Geophys Res Lett","first-page":"L19401","article-title":"Dual peak cholera transmission in Bengal Delta: a hydroclimatological explanation","volume":"36","author":"Akanda","year":"2009"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"J Mar Syst","first-page":"185","article-title":"Time-series analysis of remote-sensed chlorophyll and environmental factors in the Santa Monica-San Pedro Basin off Southern California","volume":"39","author":"Nezlin","year":"2003"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Cadiz through remote sensing images","volume":"53","author":"Navarro","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/2\/article-p303.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/2\/article-p303.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/2\/article-p303.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:42:44Z","timestamp":1723059764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/85\/2\/article-p303.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0181","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]}}}